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Pnb exam 2 > Animal Sensory Systems P.4 > Flashcards

Animal Sensory Systems P.4 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Barreleye

A

mesopelagic fish that has recessed tubular eyes allowing it to look upward and forward at the same time. The eyes peer through a dome of transparent skin filled with fluid.

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2
Q

The barreleye has … using symbiotic …

A

counterillumination, bioluminescent bacteria

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3
Q

eye degeneration

A

caused by defects in regulatory gene expression during embryonic development

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4
Q

troglobite

A

cave specialist that lives in darkness

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5
Q

Blind White Crayfish

A

eyeless and albino. slow metabolism living in cold water and eating microbes

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6
Q

Texas Blind Salamander

A

Fully aquatic, eyeless, depigmented. Childlike

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7
Q

Mexican blind cavefish

A

surface and cave dwelling. Interestingly it still has negative phototaxis.

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8
Q

Optic tectum

A

Visual cortex in fishes

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9
Q

Cave and non cave fish can

A

hybridize

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10
Q

Vertical strata

A

The boundaries of the ocean

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11
Q

Near-shore habitats above continental shelves are called

A

neritic waters

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12
Q

Offshore, the oceanic province contains … and is made up of … fundamental vertical zones partitioned by levels of downwelling light

A

pelagic species, 4

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13
Q

Photic zone (Epipelagic)

A

0-200m. top layer of water. contains euphotic zone (first 100)

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14
Q

Twilight Zone (Mesopelagic)

A

200m-1km. Disphotic

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15
Q

Midnight Zone

A

aphotic (no light) Bathypelagic (1km-4km) and Abyssopelagic (4km-6km)

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16
Q

After midnight zone brings us to the

A

abyssal plan and then habal zone

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17
Q

True or False: Red wavelengths can travel to the twilight zone

A

False only yellow, green, and blue

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18
Q

Counterintuitively, … which is higher energy than blue light only passes through 40m of water

A

UVR

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19
Q

Irradiance

A

from the UVR is attenuated by scattering and absorption into dissolved organic matter and plankton

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20
Q

turbidity

A

the concentration of organic matter (both living and nonliving), which scatters or absorbs the energy.​

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21
Q

Diurnal

A

day-active

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22
Q

Red color comes from … crystals that form inside of skin pigment cells called …

A

guanine, iridophores

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23
Q

Guanine

A

G nucleotide. forms crystals with high reflectivity

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24
Q

Ganoine

Study These Flashcards
A

Enamel-like mineral found in primitive bony fish ganoid scales

25
Some squids turn red to help disguise themselves for deep sea creatures because
many have lost red cones
26
Photonic glass
made of nanosphere crystals. the "eye glitter" cloaks the pigments making the eye appear the same color as the water
27
Countershading
Dark top lighter bottom in sharks.
28
Counterillumination
Does the same thing with countershading but uses flourescence
29
Symbiotic bioluminescence
involves the colonization of the fish/squid by microbes
30
Intrinsic bioluminescence
rare! the animal can make the light itself by producing luciferins that oxidatively react with the enzyme luciferase
31
Hawaiin bobtail squid
evolved blue counterillumination to remain undetected in moonlit waters, greatly reducing predation risk
32
Vibrio Fischeri
symbiotic bacteria that congregate inside crypts inside the organ of bobtail squid
33
How do the bacteria get inside?​
These mutualistic bacteria (purple on infographic) are exclusively ushered into pouches in the larval squid’s mantle by an epithelium of beating cilia on the outgrowths near the opening of the light organ (blue on infographic)
34
The mature light organ is partially sheathed in an ... that prevents the light from shining in all directions, focusing the glow ... The aperture is also ...
opaque, downwards, adjustable
35
Gram negative
What most bioluminescent bacteria are because they have lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin in their cell walls which help grow the light organ
36
The vibrio also ... in the light organ and a product of this degradation called ... stimulates the bacteria to migrate deeper into the ...
degrade mucousa, chitobiose, crypts
37
When the bacteria get deeper into the organ they lose their ... and induce ... which ...
flagellum, antimicrobial proteins to be secreted, prevent colonization by other bacteria
38
Most bioluminescent bacteria are symbiotic with
marine fauna
39
Luminescent bacteria are Gram-negative so the animal must suppress an
immune reaction to them
40
Quorum sensing mode
triggered chemically when high bacterial densities expose the cells to higher concentrations of excreted autoinducers, flipping a switch that turns on the light
41
Autoinducers
small, bioactive molecules synthesized by the bacteria, which begin to accumulate as cell growth increases. an autocatalyst that upregulates transcription of the Lux operon. autoinducers attract RNA polymerase to transcribe LuxR
42
Lux operon
has 5 genes, including LuxA & LuxB. The other Lux genes (LuxC,D,E,G) recycle the products of the reaction
43
LuxCDE heteromer
makes a fatty aldehyde (costing an ATP), and LuxG recycles Flavin MonoNucleotide (FMN)
44
In the presence of oxygen, LuxAB
combine and release light
45
The blue light from luciferin – or an aquarium black light - strikes the ..., making the sea jelly glow green
GFP
46
what are the most abundant vertebrate genus?
Bristlemouths
47
Reflexive lining in lanternfish is made of
guanine crystals – a tapetum lucidum
48
Each photophore on ventral side of lanternfish has concave reflector made of
guanine platelets
49
coelenterazine
acted upon by luciferase to produce light. produced by photocytes
50
The guanine layer reflects light emitted from a ... redirecting it downward for shine below and remove its silhouette
photocyte
51
subocular lights
used to communicate with conspecifics and flash in such a way that distracts predators or to hunt for zooplankton.​
52
Suborbital tubules
provide the housing for the luminescent bacterial symbionts. pouch is even vascularized to nourish the bacterial colonies
53
How do Flashlight Fish blink
They can rotate their suborbital organ backwards, turning the transparent opening inward, while exposing a dark lining on the bottom
54
Stoplight Loosejaw Dragonfish
These dragonfish are called loosejaw because they can extend their lower jaw to increase their gape and capture large prey.​ Dragonfishes possess a pair of blue-green headlights on either side of their head for ‘conventional’ bioluminescence flashing to see prey nearby & perhaps lure them closer
55
the dragonfish also shines red light from ... organs under its eyes.​
stoplight
56
sniper vision
illuminate prey, without the prey seeing the light and reacting to it by swimming away
57
Lanternfish
Reflexive lights made of guanine crystals. A tapetum lucidum. They also have photophores on their ventral surface for counterillumination.​ Each photophore has a concave reflector made of guanine platelets.​ The guanine layer reflects light emitted from a photocyte, redirecting it downward for shine below and remove its silhouette The photocytes produce the luciferin coelenterazine, which is acted upon by luciferase to produce light
58
Suborbital tubules
provide the housing for the luminescent bacterial symbionts in flashlight fish. The pouch is even vascularized to nourish the bacterial colonies (see blood vessels).​ ​
59
Proprioceptors
Stretch receptors

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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