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Pnb exam 2 > Circulatory Systems 1 > Flashcards

Circulatory Systems 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three diversities of the circulatory system

A

None, open, closed

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2
Q

Open system

A

Blood (hemolymph) does not always remain inside a vascularized system. No veins. The heart has holes that suck in the hemolymph when the chamber expands. When the heart expands, blood is pushed out through the arteries. Blood flow may also be bidirectional

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3
Q

Closed system

A

Blood remains separate from interstitial fluid. Stay inside capillaries. It flows unidirectionally entering heart through veins exiting through arteries.

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4
Q

Back flow is prevented through …

A

one way valves

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5
Q

Blood delivers … from the lungs/gills to the … and removes …

A

oxygen, tissues, CO2

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6
Q

Vertebrates red blood cells are called … containing … which help transport …

A

erythrocytes, hemoglobin, oxygen through the bloodstream

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7
Q

The blood also delivers … which is absorbed by the gut through blood plasma

A

nutrients

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8
Q

Blood removes … from metabolizing tissues excreted from the kidney

A

nitrogenous waste products

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9
Q

Leucocytes (White blood cells) (Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Granulocytes)

A

protect body from diseases

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10
Q

Diffusion rate decreases when …, … and …. decreases

A

temperature, concentration, surface area

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11
Q

Diffusion rate decreases when … and … increases

A

particle size and distance

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12
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Fixes the problem of long distance diffusion in larger animals.

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13
Q

Poriferans (Sponges)

A

Water enters the body cavity (spongocoel) and is directed out the osculum by beating flagella in the choanocytes

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14
Q

Poriferans (Sponges) Bulk Flow

A

Water enters the body cavity (spongocoel) and is directed out the osculum by beating flagella in the choanocytes

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15
Q

Cnidarians Bulk Flow

A

have tidal flow of water; it enters and exits the gastrovascular cavity through the mouth, driven by muscular contractions of the body.​

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16
Q

Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Bulk Flow

A

contract a muscular pharynx to propel fluid through their gastrovascular cavity

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17
Q

tidal flow

A

meaning the fluid leaves the same opening from which it came

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18
Q

Tunicates

A

Function similarly to sponges and cnidarians but actually have circulatory systems

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19
Q

True or False: Echinoderms and Nematodes have circulatory systems

A

False. They have water vascular systems. The body moves in a way that moves the interstitial fluid bringing nutrients to other regions and providing exchange of gases

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20
Q

Echinoderms

A

Ringed central canal, radial canals, and ampullae that open ventrally into the tube feet on the ventral (oral) side that have suction power.

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21
Q

Madreporite

A

Opening in dorsal side of starfish where seawater enters

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22
Q

Pseudocoel

A

A nematodes gut wall that absorbs nutrients.

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23
Q

Peristaltic Contraction (some invertebrate hearts and early vertebrate embryos)

A

The smooth muscle of a blood vessel contracts in a wave unidirectionally pushing the fluid along

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24
Q

External Muscular Pump

A

Acts as external pumps. Squeezing the vessel and increasing pressure of fluid. Relaxation is periodically needed to allow blood to flow through the vessel.

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25
Contractile chamber
Contraction of muscular walls of a closed chamber decreases its volume, increasing pressure of fluid.
26
Arthropods and mollusks have
open circulatory systems
27
In open circulatory systems blood is sometimes stored not in the vessels but instead within a sinus called the ...
hemocoel
28
Crustaceans have a ... circulatory system
semi-closed
29
Hemocyanin
Makes blood blue in crustaceans. (So not hemoglobin like what mammals have)
30
Vertebrates, cephalopods, and most annelids have
closed circulatory systems
31
Although fish have closed circulatory systems, they only have
one circuit
32
Annelids MAY have
open circulatory systems
33
All oligochaetes (earth worms) have
closed circulatory systems (and 5 hearts)
34
Bivalves have
open circulatory systems
35
Squids have ... hearts. The ... and 2 ...
3, systematic heart (pumps oxygenated blood to tissues), branchial hearts (pumps deoxygenated blood through the gills)
36
Mollusks have ... as a respiratory pigment
hemocyanin
37
Ostia
The holes in the heart of open circulatory systems
38
Do clams have ostia?
No it has a gill vein.
39
Many invertebrate hearts are ... which means stimulated by cardiac ganglion
neurogenic
40
In contrast, vertebrate hearts are ... which mean s contraction of cardiomyocytes autoregulated and synchronized by pacemaker cells dervied from the right atrium
myogenic
41
Crayfish
have cardio excitatory peptides and GABA
42
Arachnids
Book lungs. carry gases inside of ductwork that encapsulates the long abdominal heart.
43
True or false: insects have veins
false
44
Systole
Pump squeezing
45
Diastole
Sucking
46
In insects, there is a heart corresponding which each
body segment
47
In insects the ... system can reach each cells so hemoglobin doesnt have to transport oxygen
tracheal
48
Single circuit (In fish)
The 2 chambered heart of fish pumps deoxygenated blood into the ventral aorta and branchial arteries. Blood is oxygenated at the gill epithelium and sent posteriorly through the through the dorsal aorta.
49
Single circuit hearts have ... pressure
low
50
Pulmonary circuit
The second circuit in air breathing vertebrates that increases blood pressure. 3-5 chambered. Deoxygenated blood is pumped through the right heart to the lungs.
51
The systemic circuit
Oxygenated blood is pumped by the left heart to the body to supply the tissues.
52
... and ... are our nearest chordate kin. both groups have open circulatory systems with hearts consisting of ... and ... layers.
Tunicates and lancelets. Myocardium, epicardium
53
Total Water
Intra + extracellular fluid (Inter+Intra) ECF= ISF+IVF
54
Extracellular fluid
What is inside or outside of a blood vessel. Split into Interstitial and intravascular
55
2/3 of bodily fluid is
intracellular
56
1/3 of bodily fluid is
extracellular
57
Hemocytes
Invertebrate blood CELLS. Have NO Respiratory function.
58
True or False: Insects cannot have hemoglobin at ALL
False. They can just not inside cells.
59
3 types of immune cells in insects
Plasmatocytes, lamellocytes (parasites), crystal cells (digestive foreign cells)
60
Thrombocytes
Platelets that clot blood after laceration.
61
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
lack mitochondria, super small, reduction of oxidative stress.
62
Arteries carry oxygenated blood ... the heart at
away from, high pressure
63
Veins carry deoxygenated blood... the heart at
towards, low pressure
64
Aorta
Largest artery
65
The middle of arteries have ... muscle which can ..... They also have 2 layers of ... that help it stretch.
smooth, vasoconstrict, elastic membranes
66
Capillaries
thin walled vessels that are leaky so they can supply surrounding tissues with oxygen and nutrients.
67
Blood goes from arteries to .... to .... which supply ...
arterioles, capillaries, tissues
68
From the capillaries the blood goes to ... to ... which now carry oxygenated blood through a ... to the heart
venules, veins, atrium
69
3 kinds of variation in capillary structure
continuous (skin/muscle), fenestrated (kidney), sinusoidal (liver)
70
Hydrostatic pressure
outward (FILTRATION)
71
Osmotic pressure (oncotic/colloidal)
inward (REABSORPTION)
72
Oxygenated blood has a higher net of ... than ... because of its higher pressure
filtration, reabsorption
73
As more things are filtrated there becomes
no net movement. Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure are equal
74
Hypoxia Inducing Factor
Cells that are starved of oxygen release this. It promotoes angiogenesis which unfortunately causes cancer.
75
Lymphatic system
restores blood volume by recovering the filtrate that left due to hydrostatic pressure. Otherwise, edema might happen which is the fluid filled interstitial fluid
76
The filtered lymph is brought back to the circulatory system through a
venous portal/subclavian veins
77
Subclavian veins
Returns deoxygenated blood from the forelimbs under the clavicle into the jugular vein which empties into the right atrium of the heart
78
Other ways to get edema
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels by parasitic nematodes, cancer,
79
Lymph nodes
white blood cells reside here to look out for pathogens

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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