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Study Abroad Bio 2 > Animal Systems > Flashcards

Animal Systems Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Process of controlling which solutes are dissolved in blood

A

Osmoregulation

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2
Q

Insects use these tubules to remove wastes from hemolymph

A

Malpighian tubules

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3
Q

These lack a color (internal body cavity) and have unicellular excretory organs called flame cells (clusters of cilia that look like flames)

A

Flat worms

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4
Q

Bundles of flame cells that filter bodily fluids and removes wastes

A

Protonephridia

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5
Q

These use nephritis to remove wastes from interstitial fluid

A

Annelids (earthworms)

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6
Q

These use kidneys that filter blood of waste products

A

Birds and reptiles

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7
Q

Universal animal waste product generated from breakdown of amino acids

A

Nitrogenous waste

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8
Q

3 chemical forms of nitrogenous waste

A

Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid

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9
Q

Highly toxic nitrogenous waste
Released by fishes

A

Ammonia

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10
Q

Much less toxic than ammonia and can be held in bodily fluids for longer without causing cell damage
Middle of the road option for energy output and water conservation

A

Urea

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11
Q

Produced by insects reptiles and birds and all organisms that have limited water content and cannot circulate their wastes in blood

A

Uric acid

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12
Q

Lives in hypotonic environment and produces large volumes of dilute urine

A

Freshwater bony fishes

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13
Q

Lives in hypertonic environment
Release small volumes of concentrated urine to conserve water

A

Marine bony fishes

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14
Q

Exchange occurs directly across surface membranes
Only used by small organisms
Ex. Flatworms

A

Direct diffusion

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15
Q

Used by earthworms and amphibians
Important to keep membranes moist

A

Skin

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16
Q

Used by fish and other aquatic animals
Gills are specialized for gas exchange with water

A

Gills

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17
Q

Consists of a network of small tubes that carries oxygen to the entire body
Many insects have this type of respiratory strategy.

A

Tracheal systems

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18
Q

Large pores in insect abdomen

A

Spiracles

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19
Q

Ventilation happens due to contraction or relaxation of diaphragm which draws air in and out of lungs

A

Mammalian system

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20
Q

Similar to mammalian system only with air sacs that store and direct air flow through respiratory system.

A

Birds

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21
Q

Warms moistens and filters air

A

Nasal cavity

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22
Q

Common passageway for food and air

A

Pharynx

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23
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

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24
Q

Brings area into thoracic cavity, c shaped cartilage rings

A

Trachea

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25
One for each lung
Primary bronchi
26
Secondary bronchi
One for each lobe of lung (2 for left lung and 3 for right lung)
27
Last bronchial branch leading into smaller branches
Tertiary bronchi
28
Small branches that have smooth muscle, cartilage has been replaced with elastic tissue
Bronchioles
29
Lead into air sacs
Alveolar ducts
30
Air sacs
Alveoli
31
Trace a particle of air through human respiratory system
Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli
32
Types of respiration
Ventilation External respiration Internal respiration Cellular respiration
33
Exchange between lungs and outside air
Ventilation
34
Exchange between lungs and blood
External respiration
35
Exchange between blood and body tissue cells
Internal respiration
36
Cells use O2 to covert glucose into ATP and produce CO2 as a waste product
Cellular respiration
37
Pressure of a gas and the volume of the gas are inversely proportionate to one another (volume increases = pressure decreases)
Boyles Law
38
Air moves from higher pressure (inside lungs) to lower pressure (outside lungs)
Expiration
39
Many small microscopic units that can change what is in blood (about 1 million found in kidneys)
Nephrons
40
Occurs when water and salutes move from glomerulus into the glomerular capsule. Proteins and blood cells are too large to be filtered Water and solutes pass through
Filtration
41
Occurs when substances move from the renal tubule back into the capillaries surrounding the renal tube
Reabsorption
42
Occurs when wastes and excess ions move from capillaries directly into the renal tubule. Also used to remove foreign items like drug metabolites
Secretion
43
Ball of capillaries under high pressure where blood filtration occurs
Glomerulus
44
Receives the filtrate (all substances removed by filtration)
Glomerular capsule
45
Where most reabsorption happens, especially of important nutrients like glucose
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
46
Dips into the medulla of the kidney where there is high salt concentration
Loop of Henle
47
Aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitual fluid Water reabsorption occurs by osmosis
Descending loop
48
Thicker tissue prevents osmosis, but some active transport of sodium and chloride ions can occur.
Ascending loop
49
Selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood PH and electrolyte balance
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
50
Reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate
Collecting duct
51
Loop of Henle order
1. Glomerulus 2. Proximal convoluted tubule PCT 3. Descending loop of Henle 4. Ascending loop of Henle 5. Distal tubule 6. Collecting duct
52
If your blood PH is lower than 7.4 there are?
Too many hydrogen ions! Kidney responds by: secreting hydrogen ions Reabsorbing bicarbonate ions
53
If blood PH is greater than 7.4 there are?
Not enough hydrogen ions! The kidney responds by: Stopping secretion of hydrogen ions Stopping reabsorption of bicarbonate ions
54
Route of Urine
1. Nephron 2. Collecting duct 3. Major and minor calyces 4. Renal pelvis 5. Ureter 6. Urinary bladder- stores urine 7. Urethra
55
Lacks a true nervous system
Cnidarians
56
Lacks a true brain
Cnidarians
57
Nerve cells bundled into fibers
Echinoderms
58
Central nervous system (CNS) made of small brain (central ganglion) and two nerve cords Peripheral nervous system (PNS) nerves extending throughout body
Flatworms
59
Brain (central ganglion) Ventral nerve cord
Insects
60
Central nervous system composed of the brain and dorsal spinal cord
Human nervous system
61
Conduct electrical impulses (Action potentials)
Neurons
62
Assists neurons but does not conduct action potentials
Neuroglia
63
Send messages to the central nervous system (Goes towards)
Afferent (sensory) neurons
64
Send messages out to specific body tissues to initiate physiological changes (Goes away)
Efferent (motor) neurons
65
Fight or Flight Increases heart rate Promotes the E's: Exercise, excitement, emergency Nerves are thoracolumbar
Symphatic Division
66
Housekeeper Decreases heart rate Promotes the D's: Digestion, diuresis, defecation Nerves are craniosacral
Parasympathetic Division
67
Portions of the cell that receive stimuli
Dendrites
68
Contains many of the cells organelles including the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum
Cell body
69
Portion of the cell that generates long distance electrical impulses
Axon
70
Specialized endings with synaptic bulbs that house neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)
Axon terminals
71
Picture of the parts of the Neuron
Cell body Cell membrane Dendrite Axon Node of Ranvier Oligodendrocyte Myelin sheath Synapse
72
Memory problem solving some motor activities
Frontal lobe
73
Processes sense of touch
Parietal lobe
74
Hearing
Temporal lobe
75
Visual information
Occipital lobe
76
Brain stem contains?
Medulla oblongata (vital center cardiovascular and respiratory) Pons (respiratory center, head movements associated with visual and auditory stimuli) Midbrain (relay station between brain and spinal cord)
77
Neuron resting membrane potential
-70 mV
78
Resting membrane potential is maintained by?
Na+ / K+ pump (Form of active transport)
79
Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
Cerebellum
80
Relay station for sensory info
Thalamus
81
Regulates body temp, thirst, hunger Signals release of hormones from pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
82
Includes pineal gland which release melatonin (controls circadian rhythm)
Epithalamus
83
Found in soft bodied animals such as sea anemones, earthworms, cnidaria and other invertebrates
Hydrostatic skeleton
84
External skeleton that consists of a hard encasement. Found in arthropods (crustaceans and insects)
Exoskeleton
85
Polysaccharide component of exoskeleton. Strong yet flexible
Chitin
86
Hard mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms. Found in mammals reptiles birds fish and amphibians
Endoskeleton
87
Skull, vertebral column, ribcage, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone
Axial
88
Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
Appendicular
89
Process of deposition of mineral salts which hardens tissues
Calcification
90
Process where minerals (calcium) is taken from bone and placed in bloodstream and distributed to other tissues
Resorption
91
Fibrous connective tissue brings bones together
Fibrous
92
Cartilage holds bones together
Cartilaginous
93
Any joint that moves has a synovial membrane with synovial fluid
Synovial
94
Bone growth and calcification
OsteoBLASTS
95
Maintenance of bone tissue
Osteocytes
96
Bone resorption
OsteoCLASTS
97
Process of making bone
Ossification
98
Immovable (suture)
Synaethosis
99
Slightly movable (symphysis)
Amphiarthrosis
100
Freely movable
Diarthrosis
101
Collects information (reflex arc)
Receptor
102
Carries information from receptor to central nervous system
Sensory neuron
103
Interneurons integrate information within central nervous system
Integration
104
Carries information from central nervous system to effector
Motor neuron
105
Muscle
Effector

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