ANIMAL TISSUES Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Specialized group of cells?
A
Tissue
2
Q
study of tissue
A
Histology
3
Q
4 types of tissue
A
EPITHELIAL
CONNECTIVE
MUSCLE
NERVOUS
4
Q
CHARACTERISTICS: Limited intercellular space
A
EPITHELIAL
which means that cell are tightly packed together
5
Q
CHARACTERISTICS: Single of multiple layers of cel
A
EPITHELIAL
consists of single or multiple layers of cell
6
Q
CHARACTERISTICS: Has apical and basal surfaces
A
EPITHELIAL
7
Q
CHARACTERISTICS:avascular
A
EPITHELIAL
Lack blood vessel
8
Q
CHARACTERISTICS: Mitotic Capability
A
EPITHELIAL
divide and form new cells
9
Q
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
A
FUNCTIONS: Protection
Sensory Secretions and Absorption
10
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Number of cell layers
A
- SIMPLE- Single
2. STRATIFIED- Multiple
11
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE: CELL SHAPES
A
SQUAMOUS
CUBOIDAL
COLUMNAR
12
Q
SQUAMOUS
A
thin flat
13
Q
CUBOIDAL
A
cube-shaped
14
Q
COLUMNAR
A
more tall than wide
15
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM: Simple
A
- SQUAMOUS
- CUBOIDAL
- COLUMNAR
- NONCILIATED
- CILIATED
16
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM: Stratified
A
- SQUAMOUS
- NONKERATINIZED
- KERATINIZED - CUBOIDAL
- COLUMNAR
17
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM: Pseudostratified
A
- COLUMNAR
- NONCILIATED
- CILIATED
18
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM: Transitional
A
roughly cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamous- like when stretched
19
Q
DESCRIPTION: Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm: the simplest of the epithelia.
A
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
20
Q
FUNCTION: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important: secretes lubricating substances in serosae
A
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
21
Q
LOCATION: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining or heart; blood vessels and lymphatic vessel; lining of the ventral body cavity (serosae)
A
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
22
Q
DESCRIPTION: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
A
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
23
Q
FUNCTION: secretion and absorption
A
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
24
Q
LOCATION: Kidney tubules and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface.
A
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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DESCRIPTION: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (Goblet cells)
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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FUNCTION: ABSORPTION: secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances: ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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LOCATION; Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (Stomach and anala canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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What are Goblet cells?
secrete mucin
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WHAT IS THE CILIA/
For sensory and movement
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Microvilli/ brush border
finger-like projections; for
| absorption of nutrients
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DESCRIPTION: single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface, nuclei seen at different levels, may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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FUNCTIONS: Secretion, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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LOCATION: Nonciliated type in male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most upper respiratory part
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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DESCRIPTION: a thick membrane composed of several cell layers: basal cells
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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LOCATION: non keratinized type forms the moist things of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina, urethra and anus
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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LOCATION: Keratinized variety of forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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DESCRIPTIONS: generally two layers of cubelike cells
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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FUNCTION: PROTECTION
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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LOCATION: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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DESCRIPTIONS: several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar
STRATIFIED
| COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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FUNCTION: Protection; secretion
STRATIFIED
| COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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LOCATION: Rare inthe body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
STRATIFIED
| COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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DESCRIPTIONS: resemble both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous- like, depending on degree or organ stretch
TRANSITIONAL
| EPITHELIUM
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LOCATION: Lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra
TRANSITIONAL
| EPITHELIUM
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FUNCTIONS: Stretched readily and permits distension of the urinary organ by contained urine.
TRANSITIONAL
| EPITHELIUM
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most widespread and diverse tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
47
the components of these tissue includes:
Cells
Protein fibers
Ground substance
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
48
either solid, semi-solid and viscous
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Connective Tissue- cell types
1. fibroblasts
2. macrophages
3. Leukocytes (lymphocyte)
4. plasma cells
5. mast cells
6. adipocytes
7. mesenchymal cells
50
form the protein fibers
fibroblasts
51
fat cells
adipocytes
52
parts of the connective tissue
1. BLOOD VESSEL
2. GROUND SUBSTANCE
3. PROTEIN FIBERS
- Elastic Fibers
- Collagen Fibers
- reticular Fibers
4. resident Cells
- mesenchymal cells
- adipocytes
- fibroblasts
53
functions of the Connective Tissue
-Protection
-Structural support
-Connection and binding
-Storage
Transportation
-Immunity
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Connection and binding: Tendons
bind muscles to bone
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Connection and binding:Ligaments
bind bone to bone
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What do the Connective tissue store?
Calcium and Phosphorous
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Classification of Connective Tissues
1. Connective tissue proper or Fibrous CT
2. Supporting CT
3. Fluid CT
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Classification of Connective Tissues: Connective tissue proper or Fibrous CT
1. 1 Loose Connective Tissue
a. areolar CT
b. adipose CT
c. reticular CT
1. 2 Dense Connective Tissue
a. regular DCT
b. irregular DCT
c. elastic CT
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Classification of Connective Tissues: . Supporting CT
2. 1 Cartilage
a. Hyaline
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic
2. 2 Bone
a. Compact
b. Spongy
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Classification of Connective Tissues: Fluid CT
3. 1 Blood
| 3. 2 Lymph
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Description: fibers (Collagen, elastic, and reticular) and several kinds of cells (Fibroblast, microphages, adipocytes, and mast cells) embedded in a semi fluid ground substance
areolar CT
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what are the fibers inside the areolar CT
Collagen, elastic, and reticular
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What are the cells inside the Areolar CT?
Fibroblast, microphages, adipocytes, and mast cells
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LOCATION: Subcutaneous layer deep to skin; superficial part of dermis skin; mucus membrane; blood vessel; nerves, and body organs
areolar CT
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FUNCTION: Strength support and elasticity
areolar CT
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DESCRIPTIONS: Adipocytes, cells that are specialized to store triglycerides (Fats) in a large central area in their cytoplasm; nuclei and cytoplasm are peripherally located
Adipose CTissue
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LOCATION; Subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow of long bones, and padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket
Adipose CTissue
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FUNCTIONS; reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports, and protects
Adipose CT
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Parts of the Adipose Tissue
```
Nucleus
cytoplasm
Fat Storage area of Adipocyte
Blood Vessel
Plasma Membrane
```
70
DESCRIPTION: A network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells
RETICULAR CT
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LOCATION: Stroma (supporting framework) liver, spleen, lymph nodes; portion of the red bone marrow that gives rise to blood vessel, basement membrane; and around blood vessel and muscle
RETICULAR CT
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FUNCTION: Forms stroma organs; binds together smooth muscle tissue cells; filters and removes worn out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
RETICULAR CT
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DESCRIPTION: Matrix looks shiny whites, consists predominantly of collagen fibers arranged in bundles: fibroblasts present in rows between bundles
dense regular connective Tissue
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LOCATION: Forms tendons (attach muscle to bone), most ligaments (attach bone to bone), and aponeuroses (sheet- like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone)
dense regular connective Tissue
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FUNCTION: provide strong attachment between various structures
dense regular connective Tissue
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DESCRIPTIONS: randomly arranged collagen fibers along with a few fibroblasts.
DENSE IRREGULAR CT
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LOCATION: fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscle and other organs), deeper part of the dermis skin. periosteum( membrane) of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs (Kidneys, livers, testes, lymph nodes) pericardium of the heart, and heart valves
DENSE IRREGULAR CT
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FUNCTION: Provides strength
DENSE IRREGULAR CT
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DESCRIPTION: Freely branching elastic fibers with fibroblasts distributed in between.
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
80
LOCATION: lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, tracheae (wind pipes0, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and ligaments between vertebrae
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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FUNCTION: Allows stretching of various organs
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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STRUCTURE: collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent, the chondrocytes are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the form but flexible matrix
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE
HYALINE CARTILAGE
83
FUNCTION: Allows growth of long bones, provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose, forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces, forms the embryonic skeleton
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE
HYALINE CARTILAGE
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STRUCTURE: Collagen fibers are more numerous than cartilage and are arranged in thick bundles.
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE
FIBROCARTILAGE
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FUNCTION: somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure, connects structures subjected to great pressure
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE
FIBROCARTILAGE
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STRUCTURE: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastin fibers
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
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FUNCTION: provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
88
LOCATION: growing bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones and the embryonic skeleton
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE
HYALINE CARTILAGE
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LOCATION: Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis and articular discs (e.g knees and temporomandibular (Jaw joints)
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE
FIBROCARTILAGE
90
LOCATION: External ears, epiglottis, and auditory tubes
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
91
DESCRIPTION: hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized
BONE
92
FUNCTION: supports and protects (By enclosing) ; Provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
BONE
93
percentage of blood
8%
94
other fluids and tissues
92%
95
plasma percentage in blood
55%
96
formed elements
45%
97
plasma proteins percentage
7%
98
PROTEINS IN THE BLOOD
ALBUMINS -57%
GLOBULINS- 38%
FIBRINOGEN- 4%
PROTHROMBIN- 1%
99
PLASMA; WATER
91%
100
PLASMA; OTHER SOLUTES
2%
101
FORMED ELEMENTS
PLATELETS
LEUKOCYTES
ERYTHROCYTES
102
PLATELETS
140,00- 340,000
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LEUKOCYTES
5000-9000
- NEUTROPHILS
- LYMPHOCYTES
- MONOCYTES
- EOSINOPHILS
- BASOPHILS
104
NEUTROPHILS
60-70%
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LYMPHOCYTES
20-25%
106
MONOCYTES
3-8%
107
EOSINOPHILS
2-4%
108
BASOPHILS
0.5-1%
109
OTHER SOLUTES
```
IONS
NUTRIENTS
WASTE PRODUCTS
GASSES
REGULATORY SUBSTANCES
```
110
DESCRIPTIONS: long cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations
SKELETAL MUSCLE
111
FUNCTION: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control
SKELETAL MUSCLE
112
LOCATION; ATTACHED TO BONES OR OCCASIONALLY TO SKIN
SKELETAL MUSCLE
113
DESCRIPTION: Branching, striated, generally, uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)
CARDIAC MUSCLE
114
FUNCTION: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control
CARDIAC MUSCLE
115
LOCATION: the walls of the heart
CARDIAC MUSCLE
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DESCRIPTION: Spindle-shaped (elongated) cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets
SMOOTH MUSCLE
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FUNCTION: Propels substances or objects( Foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control
SMOOTH MUSCLE
118
LOCATION: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs
SMOOTH MUSCLE
119
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Location: Attached to skeleton
Cross- Striations: Present
Shape of the fibers: CYLINDRICAL
NUMBER OF NUCLEI: MAny or multinucleate
POSITION OF THE NUCLEI: Peripheral
TYPE OF CONTROL: Voluntary
SPEED OF CONTRACTION: Most Rapid
120
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Location: walls of internal organs
Cross- Striations: Absent
Shape of the fibers: Spindle shaped
NUMBER OF NUCLEI: one or uninucleate
POSITION OF THE NUCLEI: Center
TYPE OF CONTROL: InVoluntary
SPEED OF CONTRACTION: slowest
121
CARDIAC
Location: walls of heart
Cross- Striations: present
Shape of the fibers: Branched
NUMBER OF NUCLEI: one or uninucleate
POSITION OF THE NUCLEI: Center
TYPE OF CONTROL: InVoluntary
SPEED OF CONTRACTION: Intermediate
122
consists of neurons which are the cells that conduct signals, neuroglial cells (Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons) suchs as microglial cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes
NERVOUS TISSUE
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neuroglial cells
help nourish , insulate , and replenish neurons
124
STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL NEURONS
```
DENDRITE
NUCLEUS
AXON TERMINAL
AXON
SCHWANN CELL
MYELIN SHEATH
NODE OF RANVIER
```
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DESCRIPTION; neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend form nucleus- containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are non irritable supporting cells
NERVOUS TISSUE
126
FUNCTION; Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (Muscle and glands) which control theri activity
NERVOUS TISSUE
127
LOCATION: Brain, Spinal cord, and nerves
NERVOUS TISSUE
