CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
WHAT IS ZOOLOGY?
A
• Greek zoon, animal + logos, to study
one of the broadest fields in all of science —- immerse variety of animals
2
Q
Differentiate vertebrate from invertebrate.
A
Vertebrate is an animal with a spinal cord surrounded by cartilage. The major groups include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Invertebrate are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column. They either have a soft body, like worms and jellyfish, or a hard outer casing covering their body, like spiders and crabs.
3
Q
Differentiate autotroph from heterotroph.
A
Autotrophs and heterotrophs are two groups of living organisms, both groups have two subcategories based on the energy source. Autotrophs are organisms that use inorganic carbon and produce their own foods. In contrast, heterotrophs are organisms that utilize organic carbon and cannot produce their own foods.
4
Q
Differentiate prokaryotes from eukaryotes.
A
Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not. Eukaryotes store their genetic information in the nucleus. DNA is bundled in the nucleoid area of prokaryotes, but it is not kept in a membrane-bound nucleus.
-EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA
5
Q
EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA
A
Prokaryotes
6
Q
Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae
A
Eukaryotes; Planate are pro and eu
7
Q
Invertebrates Classifications
A
arthropods, mollusk, worms, porifera, cnidaria, echinoderms
8
Q
Vertebrates callsifications
A
Amphibians, Fish, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
9
Q
Approaches To Classifying Organism: Linnaeus
A
Two kingdom system: PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA
10
Q
Approaches To Classifying Organism: Whittaker
A
Five kingdom system Plantae Monera Protista Animalia Fungi
11
Q
Approaches To Classifying Organism:Woese
A
Six Kingdom system Eubacteria- pro Archaebacteria- pro Protista- eu Fungi- eu Plantae-eu and pro Animalia- eu
— Three Domain System–
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
12
Q
Eukaryotic Cell
A
Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Nucleus DNA Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosome Ribosome Golgi Apparatus
13
Q
Prokaryotic Cell
A
Capsule Cell Wall PLasma Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Plasmid Pili Nucleoid Flagellum
14
Q
Ichthyology
A
study of fishes
15
Q
Herpetology
A
study of amphibians and reptiles
16
Q
Ornithology
A
study of birds
17
Q
Mammalogy
A
study of mammals
18
Q
Entomology
A
study of insects
19
Q
Helminthology
A
study of worms
20
Q
Carcinology
A
study of crabs
21
Q
Phycology
A
study of algae
22
Q
Mycology
A
study of fungi
23
Q
Myrmecology
A
study of ants
24
Q
Primatology
A
study of primates
25
Parasitology
study of parasites
26
Systematics
tudy of the classification of organisms
27
Ecology
study of the interaction of organisms with their environment
28
Malacology
study of mollusks
29
Arachnology
study of arachnids (spiders, scorpions)
30
Cetology
study of whales, dolphins
31
Ethology
study of animal behavior
32
Anatomy
study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts
33
Cytology
study of the structure and function of cells
34
Histology
study of tissues
35
Embryology
study of the development of an animal from the fertilized egg to birth or hatching
36
Physiology
study of the function of organisms and their parts
37
Genetics
study of the mechanisms of transmission of traits from parents to offspring
38
Zoogeography
study of the distribution of animals on earth
39
Paleontology
study of fossils and past life
40
Evolution
study of the origin and differentiation of animal life
41
Conservation Biology
the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
42
KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA
```
CELL TYPE:
prokaryotic
NUMBER OF CELLS:
unicellular
NUTRITION:
autotrophs, heterotrophy
OTHERS:
most of bacteria that affect your life.
```
43
KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA
```
CELL TYPE:
prokaryotic
NUMBER OF CELLS:
unicellular
NUTRITION:
autotrophs, heterotrophy
OTHERS:
live in harsh environments such as sulfurous hot springs, very salty lake and in anaerobic environments.
```
44
KINGDOM: ANIMALIA
```
CELL TYPE:
eukaryotic
NUMBER OF CELLS:
multicellular
NUTRITION:
heterotrophy
OTHERS:
includes the vertebrates and invertebrates.
```
45
KINGDOM: PLANTAE
```
CELL TYPE:
eukaryotic
NUMBER OF CELLS:
multicellular
NUTRITION:
autotrophs
OTHERS:
includes mosses, ferns, cone bearing plants (Gymnosperms) and flowering plants (angiosperms)
```
46
kINGDOM: PROTISTA
```
CELL TYPE:
eukaryotic
NUMBER OF CELLS:
multicellular
NUTRITION:
autotrophs
heterotrophs
OTHERS:
includes euglena and amoebas
```
47
KINGDOM: FUNGI
```
CELL TYPE:
eukaryotic
NUMBER OF CELLS:
multicellular
NUTRITION:
heterotrophy
OTHERS:
molds, yeast and mushroom.
```
48
HETEROTROPHS
Holozoic – eating other organisms
Herbivores – eat plants
Carnivores – eat flesh of other animals
Omnivores - eat both plants and flesh of other animals
Parasitic – feeding on living animals
Saprotrophic/Scavengers – feeding on dead and decaying organisms
49
Saprotrophic/Scavengers
Earthworms
| Fungi
50
Herbivores
cows, elk, buffalo, goats, sheep, panda, elephant
51
Carnivores
Lion, wolf, Hyena, leopard, cheetah
52
Omnivores
Human, dogas, bears
53
HIERARCHY OF RELATEDNESS
King Philip Came Over For Grandma’s Soup
```
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
```
54
Karl von Linnaeus
binomial nomenclature: King Phillip Came Over For Grandma’s Soup
55
Rules for writing the Genus and species
written in their scientific terms (Latin)
| Capitalize, italicized or underline it.
56
BOBCAT
```
K-ANIMALIA
P-CHORDATA
C-MAMALIA
O-CARNIVORA
F- FELIDAE
G- LYNX
SPECIES- LYNX RUFUS
```
57
LION
```
K-ANIMALIA
P-CHORDATA
C-MAMALIA
O-CARNIVORA
F- FELIDAE
G- PANTHERA
S- PANTHERA LEO
```
58
SHAGGY MANE MUSHROOM
```
K- FUNGI
P- BASIDIOMYCOTA
C- HOMOBASIDIOMYCETE
O- AGIRACLES
F- COPRICACAE
G- COPRINUS
S- COPRINUS COMATUS
```
59
CHARACTERS OF LIFE
```
LIFE IS ORGANIZED
LIFE REQUIRES MATERIALS AND ENERGY
LIVING ORGANISMS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
LIVING ORGANISMS RESPOND
LIVING ORGANISMS REPRODUCE AND DEVELOP
LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE ADAPTATIONS
```
60
11 human organ system
```
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
MUSCULAR
SKELETAL
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
```
61
LIFE IS ORGANIZED
```
ATOM
MOLECULE
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOSPHERE
```
62
ATOM
SMALLEST UNIT OF AN ELEMENT COMPOSED OF ELECTRONS, PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
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MOLECULE
Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
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CELL
structural functional unit of all living things
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TISSUE
a group of cell with common structure and function.
66
ORGAN
composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task.
67
ORGAN SYSTEM
composed of several organs working together
68
ORGANISM
an individual- complex individuals contains organ system
69
POPULATION
organism of the same species in a particular area
70
COMMUNITY
interacting population in a particular area
71
ECOSYSTEM
a community plus the physical environment
72
BIOSPHERE
regions of the earths crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things.
73
LIFE REQUIRES MATERIALS AND ENERGY
Food provides nutrients, which are used for energy
| ultimate source of energy for all life on earth ----- SUN
74
LIVING ORGANISMS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
• Organisms are able to control their internal condition in which they can function effectively
75
Homeostasis
ability to maintain constant or stable conditions that are necessary for survival
76
Some ways homeostasis is maintained:
> basking in the sun (Iguana)
> Cooling off with water (Elephant)
> seeking shade (Chickens)
> huddling for warmth (penguin chicks)
77
LIVING ORGANISMS RESPOND
> All LT respond to stimuli --- IRRITABILITY (ability to react/respond to stimuli)
> A stimulus is anything that causes a response/reaction
> Sound, Touch, Smell, Taste, Light
78
LIVING ORGANISMS REPRODUCE & DEVELOP
> The ability to reproduce other individuals of the same species.
> May either be sexual or asexual
> Involves replication of genetic materials (DNA) that are passed on to the next generation
79
Warm-Blooded animals
regulate their own body temperature.
• they convert the food they eat into energy to stay warm
• they shiver when cold and seek shelter to increase their comfort
• when hot, they sweat or pant to cool themselves
• some animals even migrate when the seasons change to find more comfortable accommodations
80
Cold- Blooded animals
* cold-blooded animals do not generate their own heat but must take on the temperature of their environment
* they may go and lay in the warm sun to heat themselves or burrow into the soil to find cooler shelter
hibernation, special blood chemicals, and crowding together to conserve heat are also ways thatdifferent cold-blooded animals can heat themselves
• cold-blooded animals tend to be more active in warm environments and slow moving in cold surroundings
81
LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE ADAPTATIONS: WHAT IS ADAPTATION?
Adaptation – a process in which an organism becomes fitted to its environment
Inherited changes that occur over time and help the species survive
82
oping with abiotic factors (e.g. cold/winter)
○ Migration
○ Heavy fur
○ Hibernation
83
Obtaining food
```
Long neck
Long snout
Web
Long & sticky tongue
4-chamber stomach (cattle, deer)
```
84
Escaping predation
Running ability
Quills
Bad smell
Cryptic coloration/ Camouflage
85
Finding/Attracting mates
Exotic plumage
Sex attractants/pheromones
Elaborate “head gear”
86
ANIMAL HABITAT: RAINFOREST
Monkey, chimpanzee, parrot, snake, tiger, gorilla
87
ANIMAL HABITAT: POLAR
polar bear, musk ox, seal, walrus, lemming, penguin
88
ANIMAL HABITAT: WETLANDS
crocodile, ducks, frogs, beaver,
89
ANIMAL HABITAT: DESERT
Dingo, meerkat, scorpion, ostrich, camel, lizard
90
ANIMAL HABITAT: MARINE
Whale, crab, squid, turtle, octopus, dolphin
91
ANIMAL HABITAT: GRASSLAND
rabbit, bison, zebra, lion, elephant, giraffe
92
COMPARISON OF VERTEBRATES: FISH
```
Body Covering= scales made out of bony plates
Reproduction= External
Breathing- gills
Temperature= ectothermic
Other Features= Have a swim bladder
```
93
COMPARISON OF VERTEBRATES: AMPHIBIANS
```
BODY COVERING= Moist Skin
REPRODUCTION= External
BREATHING= Simple Lungs (Skin)
Temperature= ectothermic
OTHER: Larval state in water, adult state on land.
```
94
COMPARISON OF VERTEBRATES: REPTILES
```
BODY COVERING= scales made out of keratin
REPRODUCTION= Internal (lays soft eggs)
BREATHING= Lungs with extensive folding
Temperature= ectothermic
OTHER: simple teeth no living tissue
```
95
COMPARISON OF VERTEBRATES: BIRDS
```
BODY COVERING=
Feathers
REPRODUCTION= Internal (lays hard eggs)
BREATHING= Lungs with bronchial tube
Temperature= endothermic
OTHER: have wings and beak no teeth
```
96
COMPARISON OF VERTEBRATES: MAMMAL
BODY COVERING=
hair
REPRODUCTION= Internal live births (except monotremes)
BREATHING= Lungs with alveoli
Temperature= endothermic
OTHER: feed young with milk from the mammary gland.
97
Zoology Fascinating Facts
There are more chickens than people in the world.
The blue whale makes the loudest sound of any other animal.
A rhinoceros horn is made of compacted hair.
Only female mosquitoes bite.
The Asian Goose flies the highest – right over the Himalaya Mountains.
There are at least 900 thousand species of insects in the world.
The cheetah can run the fastest of any animal.
98
Parasitic
Head lice
Leeches
Mosquitoes
