ANIMAL TISSUES Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
to grow larger, animals had to be what
A
multicellular
2
Q
differentiate anatomy to physiology
A
anatomy is the study of structure while
physiology is the study of function
3
Q
consists of a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific functions
A
TISSUE
4
Q
enumerate the four types of animal tissues
A
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
5
Q
this type of animal tissue’s main functions are protection; secretion and/or absorption
A
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
6
Q
this type of animal tissue’s main functions are structural support and connection
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
7
Q
this type of animal tissue’s main function is it contracts to bring about movement of the body or a body component
A
MUSCLE TISSUE
8
Q
this type of animal tissue’s main functions are detecting stimuli, processing information, coordinating responses to stimuli
A
NERVOUS TISSUE
9
Q
other term for epithelial tissue
A
EPITHELIUM
10
Q
this type of animal tissue consists of cells fitted tightly together to form a continuous layer of cells
A
EPITHELIUM/EPITHELIAL TISSUE
11
Q
two surfaces of epithelium
A
EXPOSED SURFACE
OTHER SURFACE
12
Q
surface in the epithelium that covers the body (outer layer of the skin) or lines a cavity in a hollow organ
A
EXPOSED SURFACE
13
Q
surface in the epithelium that attaches to underlying tissue by a noncellular basement membrane
A
OTHER SURFACE
14
Q
everything that enters or leaves the body must cross at least one layer of what
A
EPITHELIUM
15
Q
why should everything that enters or leaves the body cross at least one layer of epithelium?
A
for the epithelium to regulate exchange between the body and the external environment
16
Q
4 functions of epithelial tissues
A
PROTECTION
ABSORPTION
SECRETION
SENSATION
17
Q
3 types of EPITHELIAL CELLS that make up the EPITHELIUM
A
SQUAMOUS
CUBOIDAL
COLUMNAR
18
Q
type of epithelial cell which are thin, flat cells
A
SQUAMOUS
19
Q
type of epithelial cell which are short, eight-sided cylinders
A
CUBOIDAL
20
Q
type of epithelial cell which are columns or cylinders; may have cilia that move materials over the tissue surface (tallest/thickest of all)
A
COLUMNAR
21
Q
3 types of EPITHELIAL TISSUE LAYERS
A
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
22
Q
type of epithelial tissue layer that has only one layer of cells; usually located where substances are secreted, excreted, absorbed, or diffused
A
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
23
Q
type of epithelial tissue layer that has two or more layers; protects underlying tissues
A
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
24
Q
type of epithelial tissue layer that appears layered, but in actuality not every cell extends to the exposed surface of the tissue
A
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
25
5 MAIN TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
```
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
```
26
type of epithelial tissue found in air sacs of lungs; lining of blood vessels
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
27
type of epithelial tissue that functions as the passage of materials where little or no protection is needed and where diffusion is major form of transport
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
28
type of epithelial tissue where the cells are flat and are arranged in a single layer
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
29
type of epithelial tissue found in linings of kidney tubules; gland ducts
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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type of epithelial tissue that functions by secretion and absorption
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
31
type of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of cells; from the side each cell looks like a short cylinder; some have microvilli for absorption
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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type of epithelial tissue found in linings of much of digestive tract and upper part of respiratory tract
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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type of epithelial tissue that functions by secretion, especially of mucus; absorption; protection; moves layer of mucus
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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type of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of columnar cells; highly developed Golgi complex; often ciliated; goblet cells secrete mucus
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
35
type of epithelial tissue found in skin; mouth lining; vaginal lining
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
36
type of epithelial tissue that functions by protection only; little or no absorption or transit of materials; outer layer continuously sloughed off and replaced from below
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
37
type of epithelial tissue that has several layers of cells, with only the lower ones columnar and metabolically active; division of lower cells causes older ones to be pushed upward toward surface, becoming flatter as they move
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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type of epithelial tissue found in some respiratory passages; ducts of many glands
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
39
type of epithelial tissue that functions by secretion; protection; moves layer of mucus, except not all cells are the same height
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
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type of epithelial tissue that is ciliated, mucus-secreting, or with microvilli; although all cells contact the same basement membrane, the tissue appears stratified even though it's just the differing heights that create the illusion
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
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one or more epithelial cells that secrete a product such as sweat, milk, mucus, wax, saliva, hormones, or enzymes
GLANDS
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two types of glands
EXOCRINE GLANDS
| ENDOCRINE GLANDS
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this type of gland secretes products onto a free epithelial surface, typically through a duct
EXOCRINE GLANDS
44
this type of gland releases hormones into the interstitial fluid or blood
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
45
goblet cells, sweat glands are what type of gland?
EXOCRINE GLANDS
46
the thyroid gland is what type of gland?
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
47
this type of animal tissue functions as support and cushions body structures
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
48
in this type of animal tissue, cells are embedded in an intercellular substance consisting of threadlike fibers scattered through a matrix of polysaccharides secreted by the cells
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
49
the structure and function of each kind of connective tissue is determined in part by the properties of its what
intercellular substance
50
3 types of FIBERS
COLLAGEN FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS
51
type of fiber that is composed of tough fibrous proteins that remain intact when tissue is stretched
COLLAGEN FIBERS
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type of fiber that branch and form networks
ELASTIC FIBERS
53
ELASTIC fibers are composed of what
ELASTIN
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type of fiber that returns to original size when stretched
ELASTIC FIBERS
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type of fiber that is a network of tissues
RETICULAR FIBERS
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type of fiber that are thin and branched, and is made of collagen and some glycoprotein
RETICULAR FIBERS
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2 types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
FIBROBLASTS
| MACROPHAGES
58
this type of a connective tissue cell produce the fibers, protein and carbohydrate complexes of the matrix
FIBROBLASTS
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this type of a connective tissue cell is also called as the body’s scavenger cells
MACROPHAGES
60
this type of a connective tissue cell wander through connective tissues, cleaning up cell debris, engulfing foreign matter, including bacteria
MACROPHAGES
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8 MAIN TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
```
LOOSE CONNECTIVE
DENSE CONNECTIVE
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE
CARTILAGE
BONE
BLOOD
```
62
this type of connective tissue forms the subcutaneous layer that attaches skin to muscles and other structures
LOOSE CONNECTIVE
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this type of connective tissue is a thin filling between body parts and serves as a reservoir for fluid and salts
LOOSE CONNECTIVE
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this type of connective tissue has fibers run in all directions through a semifluid matrix
LOOSE CONNECTIVE
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this type of connective tissue is found in the lower layer of the skin
DENSE CONNECTIVE
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this type of connective tissue is strong; less flexible than loose connective tissue
DENSE CONNECTIVE
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this type of connective tissue has collagen fibers that predominate
DENSE CONNECTIVE
68
tendons and ligaments consist of this type of connective tissue in a definite pattern
DENSE CONNECTIVE
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this type of connective tissue consists mainly of bundles of parallel elastic fibers unlike the loose connective
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE
70
this type of connective tissue is found in structures that must expand and then return to their original size, such as lung tissue and the walls of large arteries
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE
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this type of connective tissue is composed mainly of interlacing reticular fibers
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
72
this type of connective tissue forms a supporting internal framework in many organs, including the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
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this type of connective tissue has a net or a branching pattern
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
74
this type of connective tissue stores fat and releases it when fuel is needed for cellular respiration
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE
75
this type of connective tissue is found in the subcutaneous layer and in tissue that cushions internal organs aside from the loose connective
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE
76
ADIPOCYTES are also known as what
LIPOCYTES or FAT CELLS
77
these are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat
ADIPOCYTES
78
the nuclei of adipocytes are found where instead of the center of the cells
at the sides of the cells
| because of having fat stored in the cell
79
this type of connective tissue is a firm elastic tissue consisting of chondrocytes that lie in small cavities in lacunae (small spaces) and secrete a hard rubbery matrix and collagen fibers
CARTILAGE
80
these cells make up the cartilage and lie in small cavities in lacunae (small spaces) and secrete a hard rubbery matrix and collagen fibers
CHONDROCYTES
81
this type of connective tissue is the supporting skeleton in embryonic stages of all vertebrates
CARTILAGE
82
this type of connective tissue is the main vertebrate skeletal tissue
BONE
83
this type of connective tissue consists mostly of calcium salts and collagen secreted by osteocytes
BONE
84
cells that make up the bone and secretes calcium salts and collagen
OSTEOCYTES
85
these contain cytoplasmic extensions for communication between osteocytes
CANALICULI
86
compact bone is surrounded by what
spongy bone
87
this type of connective tissue consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
BLOOD
88
4 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
```
RED BLOOD CELLS (o2 transport)
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (defense)
PLATELETS (clotting)
PLASMA
(water, proteins, salts, soluble chemical messengers)
```
89
3 TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUES
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
90
this type of muscular tissue is used for voluntary movement such as body movement and facial expressions
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
91
this type of muscular tissue is found attached to bones; tongue
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
92
this type of muscular tissue is long & cylindrical, multinucleated, striated (has parallel streaks)
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
93
this type of muscular tissue is used for involuntary movement, specifically heart beating and blood pumping
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
94
this type of muscular tissue is found in heart muscles
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
95
this type of muscular tissue is short & branched, uninucleated (one to two nuclei), striated, joined end to end with intercalated discs
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
96
these allows the cardiac muscle cells to contract in a wave-like pattern so that the heart can work as a pump
INTERCALATED DISCS
97
this type of muscular tissue is used for involuntary movement, specifically in peristalsis
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
98
a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
PERISTALSIS
99
this type of muscular tissue is found in the walls of esophagus, stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, blood vessels, and other hollow internal organs
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
100
this type of muscular tissue is short & spindled (pointy), uninucleated, non-striated
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
101
this type of animal tissue has a neuron which has a CELL BODY containing a nucleus and two cytoplasmic extensions (dendrites and axon)
NERVOUS TISSUE
102
two main components of NERVOUS TISSUE
```
NEURONS
GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA)
```
103
main component of nervous tissue that receive and transmit signals
NEURONS
104
main component of nervous tissue that support and nourish the neurons
GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA)
105
main component of nervous tissue that destroy pathogens, and modulate transmission of impulses
GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA)
106
two cytoplasmic extensions of the cell body of a neuron
DENDRITES
| AXON
107
cytoplasmic extensions that receive and transmit signals to the cell body
DENDRITES
108
cytoplasmic extensions that transmit signals away from the cell body
AXONS
109
the junctions where nerve cells communicate
SYNAPSE
110
4 types of GLIAL CELLS
ASTROCYTES
OLIGODENDROCYTES
MICROGLIAL CELLS
EPENDYMAL CELL
111
this type of animal tissue enables movement by contraction of muscle cells
MUSCULAR TISSUES
112
long, cylindrical or spindle-shaped muscle cells are called ________ because of their length
muscle fibers
113
each muscle fiber contains many thin, parallel contractile units called what consisting of myosin and actin proteins
MYOFIBRILS
114
MYOFIBRILS consists of what
myosin
| actin proteins
115
transverse stripes that change relative sizes during contraction
STRIATIONS
116
this type of muscular tissue has muscle fibers join end to end, branch and rejoin to form complex networks
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
117
while some neurons transmit signals directly to spinal cord and brain, others do what
relay,
process, or
store information
118
what will more myelin do to the transmission speed of the signal
it will make it faster
119
which part of the neuron allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
MYELIN SHEATH
120
several tissues associate to form what
ORGANS
121
an organized group of tissues and organs that perform a specialized set of functions
ORGAN SYSTEM
122
humans are organisms with how many major organ systems that work together to carry out physiological processes
11
