LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Question 1

the thin, transparent layer of wax called ____ that covers the leaf surface is a compromise between the needs to optimize photosynthesis and to minimize water loss

Answer 1

CUTICLE

Question 2

many plants can be identified by their _____ alone

Answer 2

leaves

Question 3

leaves may be ______ (single blade) or ________ (having a blade divided into two or more leaflets)

Answer 3

SIMPLE; COMPOUND

Question 4

leaves grow from ___________

Answer 4

LEAF PRIMORDIUM

Question 5

leaves are arranged on a stem in one of three ways:

Answer 5

ALTERNATE,
OPPOSITE, or
WHORLED

Question 6

leaf blades may have these two kinds of venation patterns

Answer 6

PARALLEL VENATION or

NETTED VENATION

Question 7

in leaves, most cells in upper and lower epidermis lack _________ and are relatively ___________ that allows light to reach the mesophyll cells

Answer 7

chloroplasts; transparent

Question 8

these cells secrete a waxy cuticle that reduces water loss from exterior walls

Answer 8

EPIDERMAL CELLS

Question 9

many leaves are covered with these that help reduce water loss, secrete stinging irritants to deter herbivores, or excrete excess salts

Answer 9

TRICHROMES

Question 10

leaf epidermis contains ________ for gas exchange

Answer 10

STOMATA

Question 11

each stoma is flanked by two _______, which open and close the stoma

Answer 11

guard cells

Question 12

guard cells are associated with these cells that provide a reservoir of water and ions

Answer 12

(special) SUBSIDIARY CELLS

Question 13

photosynthetic ground tissue of the leaf sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis

Answer 13

LEAF MESOPHYLL

Question 14

these are parenchyma cells with chloroplasts, loosely arranged, with many air spaced between them that facilitate gas exchange

Answer 14

MESOPHYLL CELLS

Question 15

TWO SUBLAYERS OF MESOPHYLL

Answer 15

PALISADE MESOPHYLL

SPONGY MESOPHYLL

Question 16

differentiate palisade from spongy mesophyll

Answer 16

palisade mesophyll are columnar cells in the UPPER layer and are specialized for light capture (also can be organized into one, two, three or more layers)

spongy mesophyll are irregularly arranged cells in the LOWER layer and loosely packed, allowing diffusion of gases within the leaf, particularly CO2

Question 17

_____________ of a leaf extend through the mesophyll – branching is extensive; no mesophyll cell is more than two or three cells away from one of these

Answer 17

veins (vascular bundles)

Question 18

each vein of a leaf contains these two

Answer 18

xylem and phloem

Question 19

conducts water and dissolved minerals, usually in the _____ part of a vein

Answer 19

XYLEM; upper

Question 20

conducts dissolved sugars, usually in the ____ part of a vein

Answer 20

PHLOEM; lower

Question 21

one or more layers of nonvascular cells surround the larger veins and make up the _________

Answer 21

BUNDLE SHEATH

Question 22

bundle sheaths may have _____________ that extend through the mesophyll from the upper to lower epidermis

Answer 22

BUNDLE SHEATH EXTENSIONS

Question 23

bundle sheath extensions may be composed of which types of simple tissue cells?

Answer 23

parenchyma, collenchyma, or sclerenchyma cells

Question 24

broad, flattened blade with a petiole

eudicot or monocot leaf?

Answer 24

EUDICOT LEAF

Question 25

netted venation | eudicot or monocot leaf?

Answer 25

EUDICOT LEAF

Question 26

the guard cells are shaped like kidney beans | eudicot or monocot leaf?

Answer 26

EUDICOT LEAF

Question 27

narrow blade; base of the leaf wraps around the stem | eudicot or monocot leaf?

Answer 27

MONOCOT LEAF

Question 28

parallel venation | eudicot or monocot leaf?

Answer 28

MONOCOT LEAF

Question 29

some of the guard cells are shaped like dumbbells | eudicot or monocot leaf?

Answer 29

MONOCOT LEAF

Question 30

guard cells are associated with epidermal cells called what

Answer 30

SUBSIDIARY CELLS

Question 31

guard cells of eudicots and many monocots are _____-SHAPED

Answer 31

BEAN-SHAPED

Question 32

some _______ guard cells are narrow in the center and thicker at each end

Answer 32

monocot

Question 33

these supply photosynthetic tissue with water and minerals (from roots, through xylem) and carry (in phloem) dissolved sugar produced during photosynthesis to all parts of the plant

Answer 33

VEINS

Question 34

a stalk that attaches a leaf to the plant stem

Answer 34

PETIOLE

Question 35

leaves of water lilies have _____ and ______ in the mesophyll for buoyancy – submerged parts have an internal system of _______ for O2

Answer 35

long petioles and large air spaces; | air ducts

Question 36

leaves of most conifers are _______-shaped with a _________ cuticle and ______ stomata that permit gas exchange while minimizing water loss to help them survive ________-

Answer 36

needle; thick, waxy; sunken; dry winters