Animal Transport

Question 1

Open system VS closed system

Answer 1

Open- Think a water stream!!
-Blood in cavities
-Little control over direction of blood
-Blood in direct contact to tissue (land)
-Blood pumped at low press
-Bloods flows back by movement of valves and muscle
-No pigment
Closed- Think water hose!!
-Blood in vessels
-Blood flow directed by vasocontraction and dilation of smooth muscle
-High pressure
-** tissue bathed in tissue fluid that exit wall of capillaries**
-Blood moves by relaxation/constriction of smooth muscle
-Pigment from haemoglobin

Question 2

Single VS double circulation

Answer 2

Single
-Blood flows through heart once then goes to muscles
-Blood flows at low press, limited rate of o2 and nutrients to muscle
Double
-Blood flows twice by pulmonary and systemic circulations
-Blood at high press as heart increases press
-Faster delivery of o2 and nutrients to body tissues and muscles

Question 3

What circulatory system do earthworms have?

Answer 3

Closed circulatory system
Organs not in directed contact with blood, respiratory gases in blood

Question 4

What circulatory system do insects have?

Answer 4

Open circulatory system
Dorsal tube shaped heart and fluid-filled body cavity, haemocoel

Question 5

What circulatory system do fish have?

Answer 5

Single circulatory system

Question 6

Label heart

Answer 6

R + LV, R + LR, aorta, pulmonary artery and vein, atrioventricular valves, semi-lunar valves, vena cava, septum

Question 7

What is the stroke volume?

Answer 7

Amount of blood the left ventricle pumps when it contracts

Question 8

What is the tunica externa made up off?

Answer 8

Made of collagen, to withstand high pressure

Question 9

What is the tunica media made up off?

Answer 9

Made of smooth muscle for contraction + constriction of vessel to reduce friction
and elastic muscle to maintain press

Question 10

What is the tunica intima made up off?

Answer 10

Single layer of epithelial cells, to reduce friction

Question 11

Structure of arteries?

Answer 11

-Thick walls, withstand high press blood
-Narrow lumen to maintain high press
-Elastic tissue to accomo. surge of blood and to recoil

Question 12

Structure of veins/ venioles?

Answer 12

-Semi-lunar valves for flow in one direction
-Thinner walls as low press
-Wider lumen (decrease resistance to blood flow)
-Little elastic tissue

Question 13

Structure of capillaries?

Answer 13

-Pores in walls for exchange
-Single layer of endothelium cells to reduce friction
-Small diameter and friction with walls to reduce blood flow
-Many of them = large total cross-section area, greater resistance

Question 14

Describe the cardiac cycle

Answer 14

-SAN creates wave of excitation across atrium, causing contraction, press increase vol decrease, blood into ventricle
-Wave stopped from spreading by connective tissue
-Excitation through AVN to Bundle of His
-Bundle branches to Purkinje fibres that go up walls of ventricle + contract

Question 15

Why does the aorta have to produce high press blood?

Answer 15

For it to travel long distances to muscles

Question 16

What does ECG stand for?

Answer 16

Electrocardiogram

Question 17

What do the different parts of an ECG graph show?

Answer 17

P wave- Depolarisation of atria (atrial systole)
QRS wave- Depolarisation through ventricles and ventricular systole
T wave- Ventricular diastole

Question 18

What is oxygen in haemoglobin called?

Answer 18

Oxyhaemoglobin

Question 19

What is normal mammal haemoglobin compared to foetal haemoglobin and how would it be differently presented on a graph?

Answer 19

Lower affinity to O2 then foetal at same PPO2
Foetal line would be on the left to the mammal one

Question 20

How has llamas and lugworms adapted to their environment and how is their haemoglobin different to human’s?

Answer 20

Llama- high altitudes with low PPO2, so high no. of haemoglobin and haemoglobin has high affinity to o2 then humans
Lugworms, high affinity to o2 then humans

Question 21

What do changes in pH in the blood do to the affinity to o2 in haemoglobin. What’s the technical name for it?

Answer 21

Lowers it
Bohr effect

Question 22

How is CO2 transported from respiring cells to the lungs

Answer 22

1. CO2 from respiring muscles diffuse into RBC
2. CO2 catalysed with H2O with carbonic anhydrase to make carbonic acid, H2CO3
3. Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
4. HCO3- out cell into plasma via facilitated diff., Cl- via in facilitated (Chlorine shift)
5. H+ causes oxygen to disassociate from haemoglobin and haemoglobinic acid is formed
6. O2 out into plasma by diffusion

Question 23

What is the Bohr shift?

Answer 23

Decreased affinity of o2 in haemoglobin, so more o2 disassociated, due to co2 increase

Question 24

What other substances are transported in the blood aside from o2 and co2?

Answer 24

Hormones, digested food products, proteins, antibodies

Question 25

Explain the formation of tissue fluid

Answer 25

-At arterial end, hydrostatic press is high (as blood from left ventricle) and high then osmotic press, so small soluble molecules push out of capillary walls as tissue fluid. -Plasma proteins and red blood cells stay in blood as too big -Blood press. decreases along capillary as friction of the walls -At venous end, osmotic press higher then hydrostatic so water from tissue fluid back into blood down water pot grad. -Remaining tissue fluid is returned to blood by lymph vessels

Question 26

Name of muscles holding valves?

Answer 26

Tendons