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Biology 1 > Animalia diversity and phylums > Flashcards

Animalia diversity and phylums Flashcards

1
Q

What domain does kingdom animalia fall into?

A

Eukarya

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of kingdom animalia?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophic
  • Huge diversity in morphology (structure, form)
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of symmetry?

A
  • No symmetry
  • Radial symmetry
  • Bilateral symmetry
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4
Q

Radial symmetry

A
  • Has a top and a bottom
  • No front and back
  • No left and right

ex. Sea anemones (Phylum: cnidaria)

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5
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A
  • Top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral)
  • Front (anterior) and back (posterior)
  • Left and right sides

*Left and right is always the animal’s left and right

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6
Q

Cephalization

A

Evolutionary trend present in bilaterally symmetrical animals that has a concentration of sensory equipment (nervous tissue –> brain) at anterior end of body (head)

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7
Q

What kind of animals have radial symmetry?

A
  • Sessile: Live attached to substrate

- Planktonic: Drift, weakly swim

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8
Q

What are the advantages of having radial symmetry?

A

Can meet environment equally well from all sides

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9
Q

What are the advantages of having bilateral symmetry?

A
  • Move more and with direction

- They have the ability to choose and see where they are going correctly

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10
Q

True tissues

A

Collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

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11
Q

What animals do not have true tissues?

A

Sponges

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12
Q

How are tissues formed?

A
  • Embryos become layered due to gastrulation

- Concentric layers of tissue (germ layers) form various tissues and organs

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13
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • Germ layer covering surface of embryo
  • Outer covering of animal
  • Sometimes the central nervous system
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14
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Innermost germ layer
  • Lines archenteron
  • Produces lining of digestive tract/cavity (liver and lings in vertebrates)
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15
Q

What are the 2types of tissue composition?

A
  • Diploblastic

- Triploblastic

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16
Q

Diploblastic

Give an example

A
  • Animals with only ectoderm and endoderm

ex. jelly fish, corals (phylum cnidaria)

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17
Q

Triploblastic

Give an example

A
  • Animals with 3 germ layers
  • Have mesoderm between ectoderm and endoderm
  • All bilaterally symmetrical animals are triploblastic

ex. Crayfish, humans

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18
Q

Mesoderm

A

Forms muscle and organs between digestive tract and outer covering

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19
Q

Body cavity

A
  • Most triploblastic animals have a body cavity
  • Fluid or air filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall

aka Coelom

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20
Q

Coelom

A

Main body cavity used to surround and contain digestive tract

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21
Q

Coelomates

A
  • Have true coelom completely lined in mesoderm
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22
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Body cavity formed from mesoderm AND endoderm

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23
Q

Acoelomates

A

Have no body cavity

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24
Q

Functions of body cavities

A
  • Fluid cushions suspended organs
  • Fluid may act as a skeleton
  • Internal organs can grow and act independently
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25
Q

Why are body cavities important?

A

The space created keeps organs from bumping into each other

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26
Q

Protosomes

A
  • Display spiral, determinate cleavage
  • As archenteron forms, solid masses of cells split to form body cavity (coelom formation)
  • Solid balls of cell that can be acoelom, coelom, or pseudocoelom
  • Blastopore form the mouth
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27
Q

Deuterosomes

A
  • Display radial, indeterminate cleavage
  • Mesoderm buds from wall of archenteron and cavity becomes coelom (coelom formation)
  • Blastopore forms the anus
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28
Q

Characteristics of phylum porifera

A

Sponges

  • Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical
  • No true tissues
  • Size can vary from a few mm to several m
  • Mostly marine –> very few in freshwater
  • Sedentary
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29
Q

How do sponges eat?

A

Suspension feeders

  • Capture food particles suspended in water that passes through their body
  • Water passes through pores and enters spongocoel
  • Water flows out of osculum
  • They capture food from the water passing through them
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30
Q

What are the different types of cells in porifera?

A
  • Choanocytes

- Amoebocytes

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31
Q

Spongocoel

A

Large, central cavity of sponges where water enters through tiny pores and exit through osculums (openings)

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32
Q

Choanocytes

A

Line spongocoel in sponges

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33
Q

Amoebocytes

A

For intra-cellular digestion

  • Use pseudopodia
  • Take up food, digest it, carry nutrients to other cells
  • Produce material for spicules
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34
Q

Hermaphrotic

A

Organisms that have complete or partial reproductive organs and produce both male and female gametes

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35
Q

Characteristics of cnidarians

Give an example

A
  • Radial symmetry
  • Diploblastic

ex. Hydras, jellyfish, corals

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36
Q

What is a cnidarian’s body plan?

A
  • Sac with gastrovascular cavity

- Simple nervous system

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37
Q

How is a cnidarian’s gastrovascular cavity?

A
  • One opening to cavity that acts as mouth and anus
  • Incomplete digestion
  • Enzymes secreted into gastrovascular cavity
  • Cells lining the cavity absorb the nutrients
  • Remains are expelled
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38
Q

Incomplete digestion

A

When the food comes in and goes out of the same hole. The gastrocavity takes up most space and most cells are close enough to take the nutrients so no need for separate tubes to transport nutrients around the body

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39
Q

How do polyps eat

Give an example

A
  • Adhere to substrate with aboral end
  • Extend tentacles and wait for prey

ex. Hydras, sea anemony

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40
Q

How do medusa eat?

A
  • Flat, mouth-down version of polyp
  • Moves passively or contracts body to move
    Tentacles dangle from oral surface
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41
Q

Which animal has both polyp and medusa in their life cycle?

A

Obelia

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42
Q

Functions of tentacles

A
  • Capture prey

- Direct food toward opening of gastrovascular cavity

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43
Q

Cnidocytes

A
  • Unique to cnidarians
  • Defense
  • Used to capture prey
  • Specialized cell with nematocyst
44
Q

Nematocyst

A
  • Organelle housing coiled, stinging thread
  • Can be discharged and explode outward
  • Puncture or inject poison into prey
45
Q

Characteristics of Plathyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblasctic
  • Acoelomates
  • Live in marine, freshwater, damp terrestial environments
  • Free-living and parasitic groups
  • Size varies from miscroscopic to 20m longs
  • Gastrovascular cavity
46
Q

How do plathyhelmenthes (flatworms) exchange gas and eliminate nitrogenous waste?

A
  • Diffusion across body surface
  • Flat shape maximizes surface area for efficient exchange
  • Simple excretory apparatus to maintain osmotic balance
47
Q

Protonephridia

A
  • Network of tubules with flame bulbs
  • Ciliated structures
  • Pull fluid through branched ducts
48
Q

How is the platyhelmenthes’ gastrovacular cavity?

A
  • Only one opening
  • Iincomplete digestion
  • Branches bring food to cells (no circulatory system)
49
Q

3 types of flatworms

A
  • Planarians
  • Flukes
  • Tapeworms
50
Q

Characteristics of planarians

A
  • Free-living
  • Eyespots
  • Simple nervous system
51
Q

Characteristics of flukes

Give an example of a fluke and what it can cause

A
  • Parasitic
  • Alternating sexual and asexual life stages
  • Often require intermediate host for larva

ex. Blood flukes cause schistosomiasis

52
Q

Characteristics of tapeworms

A
  • Parasitic inside vertebrates
  • No mouth or gastrovascular cavity
  • Absorb nutrients across body wall
  • Scolex
  • Proglottids
53
Q

Scolex

A
  • Suckers and hooks for attachment

- Used by tapeworms

54
Q

Proglottids

A

Reproductive structures

55
Q

Characteristics of phylum nematoda

A
  • Roundworms
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic
  • Protosomes
  • Live in aquatic habitats, soil, plant tissue, animal tissue, and body fluids
  • Complete digestive tract (gut)
  • Food only passes in one way (Mouth –> anus)
  • No circulatory system
  • Decomposers
  • Parasitic (animals and plants)
56
Q

What diseases do roundworms cause?

A
  • Trichinella
  • Elephantiasis
  • Heartworm
57
Q

Characteristics of phylum Annelida

A

Segemented worms

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic
  • Ceolomates
  • Protosomes
  • Complete digestive system
  • Live in marine, freshwater, or damp soil –> if they dry out, they can’t breath
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Heart (Dorsal vessel above the digestive tube)
58
Q

Segmented worms’ digestive system

A
  • Crop (stores food)
  • Grizzard (grinds food)
  • Intestine (Digest and absorb)
  • Metanephridia (excretory tubes that remove waste from blood)
  • Closed circulatory system
59
Q

Difference between open and closed circulatory system

A

Closed:
- Intestial fluid surrounding body tissues is distinct from blood acting as the fluid

Open:

  • Hemolymph surrounding body also acts as the circulatory fluid
  • If you squish and yellow substance comes out –> hemolymph
60
Q

Advantages of open circulatory systems

A
  • Less risk of clogs

- No need for oxygen to breath

61
Q

Characteristics of phylum mollusca

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic
  • Coelomate
  • Protosome
  • Complete digestive tract (gut)
  • Soft bodies
  • Many secrete shell of calcium
62
Q

Which mollusca doesn’t have a have shell?

A

Shells are reduced, internal or lost in slugs, squids, and octopuses

63
Q

Mollusca’s body plan

A
  • Muscular foot (for movement)
  • Visceral mass (Internal organs)
  • Mantle (Tissue over visceral mass)
  • May secrete shell
  • Open circulatory system (except quids and octopuses)
  • Gills
64
Q

Mantle cavity

A

When the mantle extend past the visceral mass and produces water filled chamber

The chamber is the mantle cavity

Contains gills, anus, excretory pores

65
Q

Visceral mass

A

A space where the water can go in and out of the molluscus

66
Q

Why is it better to have a closed circulatory system if you’re a predator?

A
  • Move quicker
  • Change heart rate
  • Less chance of having blood stuck in dead-ends
  • More control over circulatory movement
  • More sure to have a constant supply of fluid
67
Q

Characteristics of phylum arthropoda

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic
  • Coelomate
  • Protostome
  • Hard exoskeleton
  • Jointed appendages
  • Open circulatory system
68
Q

What did the jointed appendages specialize in the arthropods?

A
  • Walking
  • Feeding
  • Sensory
  • Reception
  • Reproduction
  • Defense
69
Q

How do arthropods breathe?

A
  1. Book lungs in arachnids
    - Stacked plate-like structures in internal chamber
  2. Gills in larger crustaceans
    - example lobster
  3. Tracheal tubes in insects
    - Chitin-lined tubes bring oxygen to cells
    Spiracles
70
Q

Malpighian tubules

A
  • Excretory organs
  • Remove metabolic waste
  • Branch off digestive tract

Excretory legs are kind of like kidney

71
Q

Characteristics of enchinodermata

A

Sea stars, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers

  • Adults exhibit radial symmetry
  • Triploblastic
  • Coelomate
  • Deuterostome
  • Slow moving or sessile
  • Water vascultory System
72
Q

Water vasculatory system

A
  • Network of hydraulic canals branching into feet
  • Feeding
  • Locomotion
73
Q

What classes are under phylum chordata?

A
  • Cartilaginous fishes
  • Ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes
  • Amphibians
  • Reptile and birds
  • Mammals
74
Q

Characteristics of phylum chordata

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblast
  • Deuterostome development
  • All chordates share 4 characters
75
Q

What are the 4 characters share by ALL chordates?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. Pharyngeal slits
  4. Post-anal tail

*Note: some may be present only during embryonic development

76
Q

Characteristics of notochord

A
  • Longitudinal, flexible rod
  • Located between digestive tube and nerve cord
  • Fluid-filled cells encased in stiff, fibrous tissue
  • Present in all embryos and in some adult chordates
77
Q

Functions of notochord

A
  • Skeletal support
  • Firm, flexible structure for muscles to work against during swimming for larvae and adults that retain it

For most vertebrates:

  • Skeleton develops around it
  • Adult retain remnats of embryonic notochord (Gelatinous disks between vertebrae in humans)
78
Q

Characteristics of dorsal, hollow nerve cord

A
  • Ectoderm rolls into tube dorsal to notochord

- Develops into central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

79
Q

Characteristics of pharyingeal slits

A
  • Pharynx in posterior to mouth
  • Slits open to outside of body
  • All chordate embyros have these

For some animals, they are transformed in to fills, ears,

80
Q

Functions of pharyngeal slits

A
  • Let water entering mouth leave without passing through whole digestive system
  • Suspension feeding in many invertebrate chordates
  • For vertebrates without limbs: they are modified for gas exchange (gills)
  • For vertebrates with limbs: they become part of the ear and other structures of head and neck
81
Q

Characteristic of post-anal tail

A
  • Tail extending posterior to anus
  • Reduced during embryonic development in many species
  • Skeletal elements, muscle
  • Helps propel aquatic species
82
Q

Characteristics of phylum chordata, subphylum vertebrata

A
  • Complex nervous system –> increased cephalization
  • Elaborate skeleton (bone, cartilage, or both)
  • Extensive skull
  • Backbone of vertebrae
  • Better at capturing food
  • Better at avoiding bring eaten
83
Q

Characteristics of vertabrat: Chondrichthydes and Osteichthydes

(Fish)

A
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Ectotherms
  • Closed system (Blood confined to vessels)
84
Q

Ectotherm and advantages of being ectotherms

A

Cold blooded

- Require less energy because no need to regulate body temperature –> just need to migrate

85
Q

Characteristics of fish’s closed circulatory sytems

A
  • Single circuit

- 2 chambered heart

86
Q

Problems in fish’s closed circulatory system

A
  • Blood loses pressure after it goes up

- Blood comes back to the heart oxygen poor

87
Q

Characteristics of class chondrichthyes

A
  • Cartilaginous fishes like sharks and rays

- Skeleton composed mostly of cartilage like protein (collagen) and may be mineralized with calcium

88
Q

Sharks

A
  • Predators
  • Carnivores
  • Digestive tract is relatively short
  • Spiral valve increases surface area
  • Acute senses (Sharp vision, nostrils for smelling only, regions in skin of head can detect electric fields generated by muscle contractions)
  • No eardrums
  • Internal fertilization (Sperm transferred into reproductive tract of females)
89
Q

Rays

A
  • Flattened shape

- Bottom-dwellers (jaws crush molluscs and crustations)

90
Q

Characteristics of class osteichthyes

A
  • Ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes
  • Bony skeleton with calcium phosphate
  • Breathe by drawing over 4-5 pairs of gills
  • Most have external fertilization
91
Q

Ray-Finned fishes

A
  • Fins supported by rays of bone

-

92
Q

Lobe-finned fishes

A
  • Rod-shaped bones surround the muscle in pectoral and pelvic fins
  • Swim and “walk” underwater
  • Kind of like little limbs that kind of sort of support the fish’s body
93
Q

Characteristics of class amphibia

A

Frogs and salamanders

  • Ectotherm
  • Moist skin
  • Breathe through skin and lungs
  • External fertilization
  • Many frogs have both aquatic and terrestrial life stages
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Cells carrying out gas exchange must be in contact with aqueous solution
  • Lungs (infolding of body surface)
  • Positive pressure breathing
94
Q

Characteristics of closed criculatory systems of class amphibia

A
  • 3 chambered heart
  • Double circuit
  • Slight ridge between right and left ventricle
95
Q

Positive pressure breathing

A
  • Creating an area of positive pressure to bring air into their lungs
  • Breathes in air and creates a higher pressure in mouth to push air into lungs
96
Q

Characteristics of class reptilia

A
  • Amniotic egg
  • Lets embryo develop on land in a private “pond”
  • Yolk sack for nutrition
97
Q

Characteristics of bird and reptile eggs

A

Birds:
- Calcareous eggs

Reptiles:
- Leathery shell

Common:
- Prevent desiccation
-

98
Q

Characteristics of reptiles (excluding birds)

A

Snakes, Turtles, tuataras, crocodilians

  • Ectothermic
  • Scaly skins (scales of keratin) that protect skin from desiccation and abrasion
  • Internal fertilization (Before eggshell is secreted)
  • Closed circulatory system
99
Q

Characteristics of reptiles’ closed circulatory system (Excluding birds)

A
  • Double circuit
  • 3 chambered heart
  • Instead of ridge, better developed septum
  • Still have mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
100
Q

Characteristics of birds

A
  • Amniotic egg
  • closed circulatory system
  • Very efficient breathing
  • Wings (flying, swimming)
  • Feathers (Made of keratin and used for flying, insulation, breeding)
  • Internal fertilization
  • Endotherms
  • Flight + endothermy requires lots of energy
101
Q

Characteristic of birds’ closed circulatory system

A
  • Double circuit
  • 4 chambered heart
  • 2 atria
  • 2 ventricles
  • Left side receives and pumps only oxygenated blood
  • Right side receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood
  • Total separation of systemic and pulmonary circuits
  • Septum: division or wall
102
Q

How do birds breathe?

A
  • Air passes over gas exchange surface in one direction
  • Fresh air does not mix with air that has already carried out gas exchange
  • Birds have to inhale and exhale twice to completely change air
  • No exchange occurs in air sacs
103
Q

Endotherms

A
  • Use their own metabolic heat to maintain constant body temperature
  • Control their body temperature
104
Q

Characteristics of class mamalia

A
  • Mammary glands (Produce milk for offspring)
  • Hair of keratin for heat retention along with a layer of fat
  • Endothermic
  • High metabolic rate
  • Efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
  • Internal fertilization
  • Amniotic egg
  • Complete digestive tract
  • Relatively large brain
  • Parental care for offspring to learn survival skills
  • Differentiated teeth
105
Q

Class Mammalia’s respiratory and circulatory systems

A
  • Support high metabolic rate
  • 4 chambered heart
  • Diaphragm for breathing
  • Left side receives and pumps oxygen-rich blood
  • Right side receives and pumps oxygen poor blood
106
Q

Circuit of class mammalia’s circulatory system

A

Vena cavae –> Right atrium –> Right ventricle –> Pulmonary arteyr –> lungs -> pulmonary veins –> Left ventricle –> aorta

107
Q

3 lineages of mammals

A
  1. Monotremes (ex. platypus)
  2. Marsupials
    3 . Eutherians

Biology 1 (11 decks)

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