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Anki COPY Flashcards

1
Q

<b>What are two evolutionary developments Cnidaria have over Porifera?</b>

A

“Cnidaria have radial symmetry & have true tissues (Diplolastic - 2 germ layers)”

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2
Q

<b>What is cephalization?</b>

A

<div>Cephalization is the development of a distinct head</div>

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3
Q

“<b>What is a Ctenidia</b>”

A

Gills

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4
Q

“<b>Mollusca Characteristics? (10)<br></br></b><br></br>(segementation, symmetry, tissue development, 3 traits, morphology)”

A

“<b>Unsegmented</b><br></br>Bilateral Symmetry<br></br><b>Protosomes</b> :)<br></br><b>Coelomates</b><br></br>Calcium Carbonate Shell<br></br>Muscular Foot<br></br>Radula<br></br>Important environmental indicators (like frogs)<br></br><b>Nephrinda (like kidney)</b><br></br>Triploblastic”

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5
Q

“<b>What are the respitory features for enviroment type and types of circulation that Mollusca have?</b>”

A

“Aquatic have gills & terrestrial have lungs<br></br><br></br>- Cephalapoda have closed blood vessels<br></br>- Mollusucs have open blood vessels”

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6
Q

“<b>What trait defines Gastropoda?</b>”

A

Gastropods visceral mass goes through torsion during devleopment

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7
Q

“<b>Main traits of the 4 mollusca classes?</b>”

A

“<div><div><div><div><div>Polyplacophora (chitons) - 8 plates,</div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div>Gastropoda(snails) - torsion</div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div>Bivalvia(mussels) - <b>lacks radula</b>, attaches to rocks</div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div>Cephalopoda (octopus, squid, nautilis, cuttlefish)- foot modified into arms<br></br><br></br></div></div></div></div></div>”

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8
Q

“<b><div><span>How do Annelid subclass Hirudinea (leeches) feed</span></div></b>”

A

“<ul><li><div>Use oceli, smell, and mechanoreceptors (water disturbance) to detect food</div></li><li><div>Engulf prey whole or stab with<span>probiscis</span></div></li><li><div>Secrete<span>hirudin</span>(anticoloauglant) and an anaesthetic in saliva</div></li><li><div>Store blood in caeca which drops off when full</div></li></ul>”

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9
Q

“<b>Which invertebrates have the largest relative brain sizes?</b>”

A

Cephalopoda

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10
Q

“<b>How do annelids move?</b>”

A

“Contracting longitunidnal and circiular muslcesaround segments likeperistalsis”

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11
Q

“<b>Which Annelid class has many parapodia?</b>”

A

Polychaetae (marine bristle worms)

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12
Q

“<b>The annelid body plan can be described as which of the following?<br></br></b><br></br><div><div><div>A sac with an opening at one end.</div></div></div><div><div><div>A single tube lined by epithelium.</div></div></div><div><div><div>Acoelomate.<br></br>A tube within a tube.</div></div></div><br></br>”

A

<div><div><div>A tube within a tube</div></div></div>

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13
Q

“<b>Annelids move by contracting the ___muscles around their segments.</b>”

A

longitudinal

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14
Q

“<b>Main charcteristics ofPolychaeta?<br></br><br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b><br></br>repoduction<br></br>mouth parts<br></br>locomotion<br></br>organ systems”

A

“Marine Bristle Worms<br></br><br></br>no suckers<br></br>many parapodia on every segment<br></br>many bundles of chaetae<br></br>complete digestive system<br></br>open circulatory system<br></br>Head often highly modified = reflects feeding types<br></br>jaws<br></br>4 types of repoduction”

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15
Q

“<b>Annelid segments are divided from one another internally by?</b>”

A

Septa

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16
Q

Platyhelminths

A

Simple, unsegmented protostomes<br></br>dorsoventrally flattened body <br></br>Acoelomate<br></br>Gastrovascular cavity and hydrostatic skeleton<br></br>- 1 0r 2 Suckers<br></br>- No specialsed organs for gas exchange<br></br>- Absord and eliminate gasses across surface<br></br>-Cephalisation

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17
Q

“<b>What is Cephalisation?</b>”

A

disntict head structure

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18
Q

“<b>What is a protonephridia in platyhelminths?</b>”

A

Basic excretion organ<br></br>proto (early) neprdidia (head)

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19
Q

Three Platyhelminths classes?

A

Turbellaria - Planarians<br></br>Tremadtoda<br></br>Cercomermorpha

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20
Q

“<div style=""><b>Taxonomic Ranks of Phlyum Athropoda?</b></div>”

A

“<div style=""><div style=""><b><div style=""><b><div style=""><span>Subphylum</span></div></b></div></b><br></br></div><ul style=""><li style=""><div style=""><span>Chelicerata</span></div></li><ul style=""><li><div style=""><span>Arachnida:</span></div></li><ul><li><div style=""><span>Araneae</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Acarina</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Opiliones</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Amblypygi</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Solifugae</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Scorpions</span></div></li></ul><li><div style=""><span>Pycnogonida:</span></div></li><ul><li><div style=""><span>Pantopoda: </span><span>sea spiders</span></div></li></ul><li><div style=""><span>Merostomata:</span></div></li><ul><li><div style=""><span></span><span>Xiphosura</span><span>: </span><span>horseshoe crabs</span></div></li></ul></ul><li style=""><div style=""><span>Myriapoda</span></div></li><ul style=""><li><div style=""><span>Chilopoda:</span><span> </span><span>centipedes</span></div></li><li><div style=""><a><span>Diplopoda</span></a><span>:</span><span><i></i></span><a><span>millipedes</span></a></div></li></ul><li style=""><div style=""><span>Crustacea</span></div></li><ul style=""><li><div style=""><span>Remipedia</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Cephalocarida</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Branchiopoda</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Maxillopoda</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Malacostraca</span><span>: </span><span>isopods, crabs</span></div></li></ul><li style=""><div style="">Hexapoda<br></br><span>Insecta</span></div></li></ul></div>”

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21
Q

“<b>What makes Bivalvia shells unique?</b>”

A

Shell has 2 halves (made by mantle) that hinge

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22
Q

“<div style=""><b>What are the 6 Arachnida orders?</b></div>”

A

“<ol><li><div style="">Acarina(mites/ticks): Parasitic, Hypostome mouth part</div><i><div style=""><i>Lxodia</i> - ticks. haller’s organ</div></i><i><div style=""><i>Mites</i> - no eyes, no mouth anchorage</div></i></li><li style="">Amblypygi (whip scorpions): no venom/silk, front legs act like antennae, pincer like chelicerae.</li><li style="">Solifugae (camel spiders): no silk/venom, large chelicerae for stridulation</li><li style="">Opiliones (daddy long legs): no silk/venom, 2 eyes, 3 tagmata fused into 1, scent gland in head</li><li style="">Scorpions:Telson - stinger w/ venom glands. Metasoma - last 5 body segements. <b>not oviparous</b><br></br></li><li style="">Araneae (spiders): Chelicerae modified into fangs, venom, spinnerets, silk</li></ol><b><div style=""><br></br></div><br></br><br></br></b><b><br></br></b>”

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23
Q

“<b>What is the Haller’s Organ?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“The Haller’s Organ is found in Lyxodia (ticks). It’s a sensory cavity at the end of the first pair of legs.<br></br><br></br>”

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24
Q

“<b>What are 6 differences between an Acoelomate and a Coelomate?</b>”

A

“Acoelomates….<br></br><ul><li>Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminths (not nematodes)</li><li>Always Protosome</li><li>Mesoderm develops into internal organs, but no coelom</li><li>Only 1 body cavity (disgestive)</li><li>Unsegmented</li><li>Internal organs no in fluid</li><li><i>Ex.) Platyhelminthes: Tape worms, flukes, planarians</i></li></ul>Coelomtes…<br></br><ul><li>Invert or Vertebrate</li><li>Protosome or deuterostomes</li><li>Mesoderm develops into organs AND coelom tissues</li><li>Multiple body cavities - coeolom, digestive tract, etc.</li><li>Segemented</li><li>Internal organs embedded in fluid</li><li><i>Ex. Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida, etc.</i></li></ul>”

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25
"An unsegemented protosome, who's organs are not embedded in fluid are called?"
Acoelomate
26
"Descibe each type of body cavity 

"
""
27
"What are 3 ways Arthropods more evolutionary advanced than Annelids?"
"Segmentation
Annelids have metametric segementation (organ repition) while arthropods have specfic segments for different functions

Respiration
Annelids breathe across body surface while arthropods have trachea and gills 

Locomotion
Annelids move by parapodia, arthropods move with jointed appendages 
"
28
"Name several (6) adaptations that helped Arthropods transition to land"
"
  1. Waxy cuticle
  2. Book lungs & tracheae  - Respiriatory organs inside body 
  3. Appendages & strong muscles 
  4. Sensory adaptations
  5. Terresterial internal fertilization, Oviparous 
  6. Thermoregulatory adaptations (diapause)
"
29
"How do Lxodia feed?
"
"Haller's organ on first leg detects prey
Hypostome inserted and anchors
"
30
"What is a Chelae?
"
Modified chelicerae into a pincer

Ex.) crabs, scorpions, daddy long legs 
31
"What is Diaxial vs Paraxial?
"
"Araneomorphs - Diaxal: diagonal pinching
Mygalomorph - Paraxial: downwards"
32
"What are Nephrotoxins?"
Toxins affecting kidneys
33
"Describe class Merostomata? (Order Xiphosura)
"
"Horseshoe Crabs
  • Convergent with true crabs, but not true crabs
  • Fused cephalophorax/prosoma
  • 10 eyes
  • 5 pairs of legs
  • Chelae
  • Book Gills
  • Blood important for covid & meningitis vaccine, many pharamcuetical purposes due to presence of ameobyctes that detect endotoxins
  • Blue blood from high copper content

"
34
"Describe Class Pycnogonida (Order Pantopoda)

"
"Sea Spiders
  • Respiration via diffusion (not book gills?)
  • Not related to land spideres
  • Long probiscus for feeding
  • 4 ocelli 
  • 4-6 pairs of legs

"
35
"Describe Annelids (11 traits)"
"
  • help breakdown organic matter & increase soil porosity 
  • metameric segmentation across body (tissue repetition)
  • Segements seperated by septa = rings
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Hydrostatic skeleton
  • Protostome
  • Cerebral ganglia (primitive brain)
  • Nephridium (excretory organ)
  • Hermaprodites reproduce sexually or asexually via fragmentation
  • No exoskeleton (chitin cuticle)
  • Circular & longitudinal muscles = directed movements
"
36
"Describe Annelids primitive brains & purpose
"
"Annelids have a cerebral ganglion network that connects to the ventral nerve cord. These nerve segments branch off into each body segment.

This helps with movement. "
37
"Describe Class Polychaeta 
feeding types, head regions, locomotion, digestive system, feeding parts, suckers, circulatory system
"
"
Bristle Worms
  • All feeding types
  • Respiration via diffusion or parapodia (bristleworms)
  • 2 head regions - Prostonium & Peristonium
  • Complete digestive system
  • Open circulatory system
  • Parapodia on most segments: muscular bristles for movement 
  • No suckers
  • Pharynx, tentacles and palps for feeding
  • Greatest cephalization
  • Some have jaws & nuerotoxic venom
  • Some are selective deposit feeders and non selective

"
38
"Describe Polychaeta parapodia
"
"
  • Occur on most segments
  • Movement, respiration and reproduction
  • Notopodium = dorsal lobe used for respiration and locomotion
  • Neuropodium = ventral lobe used in locomotion 
  • Respiration across body surface or parapodia gills  
  • Chaetae for gripping the substrate 
  • Cirri = fused bundles of cilia; sense pressure waves
"
39
"Notopodium vs Nueropodium

"
"Branched lobe of parapodia in Annelids
  • Notopodium = dorsal lobe used for respiration and locomotion
  • Neuropodium = ventral lobe used in locomotion 
"
40
"What are cirri?
"
Fused bundles of cilia; sense pressure waves on parapodia in Annelids
41
"Which Annelid has the greatest cephalization?
"
Polychaeta
42
"What are the 2 types of deposit feeders in Polycheata?"
"Feeds on organic matter in substrate 

Selective: (ornate worm - Amphitrite ornata)
mucous secretions on tentacles; cilia transport food to mouth 

Non-selective: (lungworms Arenicola sp.)
reduced parapodia"
43
"Describe reproduction in Annelids"
"
  • Seasonally have reproductive organs in all segments, but not permanentley 
  • Not hermaphrodites, dioecious
  • Internal & external fertilization
  • Trochophore free larvae 

"
44
"What are the 4 types of reproduction in Polychaeta (Bristle Worm, Annelids)?
"
"
  • Traditional - insertion & internal
  • Broadcast Spawning - like corals
  • Epitoky - Atoke back segments break open & release gamtes for external fertilization
  • Aseuxal - budding 
"
45
"Describe Class Clitellata
"
"Leeches & Earthworms
  • 10 Ocelli
  • Parasitic
  • No parapodia or chatae
  • Clitellum
  • Subclasses Hirudinea (leeches) and Oligochaeta (earthworms)
"
46
"What are the 5 characteristics that makes an ""animal""?"
"
  1. Multicellular - protiens
  2. Heterotrophic - digestive enzyme 
  3. Eukaryotic 
  4. Tissues develop from embryonic layers - bcuz sexual repoduction
  5. Developmental genes - genes tell other genes what to do
"
47
"What do hox genes in arthropods do?"
They direct segements to grow wings, legs, antennea, etc.
48
"How do you differentiate animal groups? Describe the 4 factors"
"
  1. Body plans symmetry: bilateral , asymmetry, radial

  2. Tissue Development: embroytic/germ layers
    Ectoderm (epidermis & CNS)
    Mesoderm (muscles & organs)
    Endoderm (digestive system & organs)

  3. Body Cavity:
    Coleomate (vertebrates, cushions organ)
    Pseudocoleomate (hydrostatic skeleton)
    Aceolomate (no body cavity, embedded in meso)

  4. Development mode:
    Protosome - blastophore = mouth
    Deuterostome - blastophore = anus


"
49
"What are hox genes?"
"They control development of a bilateral animal's body plan, specifically the Anteiror (front/ventral) - Posterior (back/dorsal) axis"
50
"Hox genes vs homeoboxes?"
Hox genes only occur in bilateral animals and control formation of the dorsal/ventral axis in embryo, while homeoboxes occur in all eukaryotes and control gene expression
51
"What layers do Triploblastic animals contain?"
"3 germ/embryonic layers:

Ectoderm - epidermis and CNS
Mesoderm - muscles, some organs outside the disgestive tract
Endoderm - lining of digestive system, other organs
"
52
"What layers do Diploblastic animals contain? Example?"
"2 germ/embryonic layers:

Ectoderm - epidermis and CNS
Endoderm - lining of digestive system, other organs

ex: Cnidaria only 
"
53
"Do triploblasts or diploblasts have a coeolom?"
Triploblasts because of the mesoderm
54
"What type of body cavity functions as a hydrostatic skeleton?"
Pseudocolom 

found in Pseudocoelomates & acetocoleomates
55
"What is a hydrostatic skeleton, and gives examples of animals.
"
A flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure 

Ex.) Cnidaria, Nematodes, Platyhelminths, Arthropoda, Annelids
56
"What is a pseudocoleom? What body cavities is it present in?"
"A pseudocoloem is a fluid-filled cavity that lies between the outer wall and the digestive tract. Can act as a hydrostatic skeleton in Aceolomates and Psuedocoelomates.


"
57
"Protosome vs Dueterosome "
"Blastophore is a small opening in embryo

Protosome - blastophore = mouth 
ex.) molluscs, annelids

Deuterostome - blastophore = anus
ex.)"
58
"What is bioprospecting and give an example"
Research into natural resources for valuable products (venoms for pharameuticals)
59
"What is biomonitoring?"
Way to measure toxicity in an environment (like frogs)
ex. Porifera 
60
"Describe Porifera (11 traits)

repoduction
tissues
body type
feeding
symmetry
defenses
embyrotic development
cells"
"
  • highly specialised cells in mesophyl jelly
  • simple, multicellular w/o true tissues
  • mostly sequentially hermaphroditic & asexual
  • have spongocel (central cavity for feeding) (acoelomate)
  • suspension feeding - food directly into cell & excrete out
  • asymmetrical
  • 1 germ layer (neither diplo- nor triploblastic)
  • use chemical defenses
  • no mouth or anus (neither protosome or dueterosome) 
  • have sessile to attach to substrate
  • All life processes w/o tissues or organs, cells act as organs 
"
61
"Describe the morphology of Porifera"
"Epidermis: Comprise of pinacocytes (line exterior of sponge)
Mesophyl: houses specalised cells, gelantinous
Spicules: calcium carbonate, deter predators, arragnement = species
Ostias: pores allow water to enter
Osculum: opening at the top of spongocel

""Skeleton""
Spongin - protein, acts as endoskelton, shape, made by spongocytes 
Some Porifera have collogen ""skeletons"" instead made by collencytes

Cells:
Choanocyte: flaggelated food trapped in filter feeding
Ambeobocyte: excretion, can become gametes, repoduction, digest food
Pinacocytes: make up the epidermis, line exterior of sponge "
62
"How do choanocytes in Porifera funciton?"
"
Filter feeding
  • Flagellated 
  • beat to draw water into ostia pores through to the spongocoel
  • Food partciles get trapped and digested in ambeocytes
  • excreted out the osculum
"
63
"What are Amoebocytes cells?
"
"Totipotet - can change function from excretion, repoduction, digestion, secretion of spongin and spicules 
"
64
"What are sclerocytes in Porifera?"
cells that secrete spicules that deter predators
65
"What are the 3 different canal systems in sponges?"
"Asconoid (simplest) -
   no thickness/folds (limits feeding)
   no flagellated chambers



Synconoid (moderate) 
   thicker (better ability to filter food) 
   have some flagellated chambers


Leuconoid (most complex)
   more common
   very thick (increased surface area for increased feeding) 
   small exit canal = NO SPONGOCEL
   many flagellated chambers

"
66
"gonochorism "
"sequential hermaphrodites, distinct sexes when gametes are differentiated by choanocyes/ameoboyctes 

"
67
"What are the 3 types of asexual repoduction in Porifera?"
"Asexual 3 types:
Budding - new growth detaches & attaches to new surface
Fragmentation & Regeneration - regrows missing parts, all pieces grow on new surface
Gemmules - food balls kind of like spores that survive harsh conditions, break open when conditions improve 
"
68
"3 Classes of Sponges?"
"Class Calcarea:
   calcium carbonate spicules
   1,4,6, rays
   no spongin 


Class Demospongia:
   1, 3, 4 ray
   most abundant
   lueconoid 
   have spongin and spicules


Class Hexactinellida (Glass sponges)
   intricate silica spicules 
   6 rays

"
69
"Describe Monaxons, triaxons and tetraxons?"
They are all spicules

Monaxons - one axis 
Triaxons - 6 axis
Tetraxons - 4 axis
70
"What does the endoderm do in Cnidaria?
"
"Digestion 

Gives rise to gastrodermis (digestion) and gland cells (secrete enzymes)"
71
"What is the mesoglea?
"
"Sort of like a third germ layer but it's not true tissue
functions for flotation and structure
jelly like"
72
"What is gastrolation?"
"The process that turns zygote into embrotic germ layers via mitosis


embryotic layers result from zygote undergoing gastrolation

Zygote - mitosis - gastrolation = germ layer"
73
"What is a Cnidaria's simple mind? How do they move and sense environment?

 "
"They don't have brain, instead they have nerve net from simple tissues/nerves all over body

Sense enviorment actively and respond to tactile touch on nerve net.

Move away/towards stimulus by contracting/pulsing motion (jellyfish move)"
74
"What are the layers of Cnidaria tissues?"
"Ectoderm
Endoderm 
Mesoglea - jelly like fake ""tissue"". not true tissue or mesoderm"
75
"Descibe Cnidaria (8 traits)"
"
  • simple
  • have true tissues (germ layers)
  • seperate sexes (dieocious) and hermaphrodites 
  • radial symmetry
  • Polymorphic w/ 2 different life phases:
    Polyp (sit & wait) & Medusa (hunting)
  • Cnidocytes - explosive venomous organ for prey capture/defense
  • Aceolomate (digestive compartment) 
  • hydrostatic skeleton (fluid pressure in body compartment)
"
76
"What type of socialization do Cnidaria have?"
Solitary corals - one polyp mouth to feed 

Colonial corals - many polyp mouths to feed (reefs with skeleton under tissues) 
77
"Describe the polymorphic bodies of Cnidaria (mouth, body shape, reproduction)"
"Polyps - cylindical body, mouth on top surrounded by tentacles. sexual & asexual (budding/splittint)

Medusae - jellyfish like bell structure, mouth on bottom protected by tentacles. sexual repoduction only"
78
"Describe the 2 componets of the stinging cells in Cnideria
"
"cnidocytes - tentacle arms

nematocytes - stinging capsules, explosive ball of pain, contains venomous arrow w/ sensor thread"
79
"How are Cnidaria symbiotic?"
"Coral Reefs:

Photosynthesis = coral bleaching expelling the zooanthelle (protist algae) 
"
80
"What are the 5 classes of Cnideria?

"
"Anthozoans (hexa/octo...corllia)
 soliatry or social polyps, no medusa


   Subclass Hexacorallia: anemones & hard corals
      not calcified but attached by pedal disc
      asexual or sexually (spawning/maternal brooders)
      some seasonally hermaphrodites
      brooders - period of basic maternal care, larvae develop in mom
      6 tentacles (or multiples of 6)
      calcified skeleton = coral reefs 
      zooanthelle



  Subclass Octocorallia: soft corals, sea fans
     colonial only
     8 feathery tentacles and sclerites (fleshy internal skeleton)



Staurozoa (star jellyfish)
medusae only, trumpet stape
attaches to substrate with thin stalk shape
larvae creep along the ground (not free living)
sexual - gametes released into water



Hydrozoa (portuguese man-o-war)
 bioluminescent
 asexual& sexual, colonial and solitary, some freshwater


   Hydra sp.
     freshwater solitary polyp, no medusa
      2 types of nematocysts (envenomates & entagles prey)
    


   Physalia physalis colony (man of war)
     Looks like a single organism, but individual different polyps
       



Scyphozoa (true jellies, moon jelly)
 four arms & four gastic pouches for balance
 rhopalium 
 Medusa have tentacles around bell 
 *life cycle of Aurelia sp.



Cubozoa (box jelly)
 cube-shaped medusa w/ tentacles form each corner
 dominate medusa stage
 opening restricted by a velarium
 rhopalium 
 lethal venom

"
82
"What is this?"
"Obelia sp.

"
83
""
Chironex nematocyst 
84
""
Soft coral spiclues under microscope
85
""
Hydra under microscope
86
"Describe Anthozoans & the 2 subclasses"
"Anthozoans (hexa/octo...corllia)
 soliatry or social polyps, no medusa


   Subclass Hexacorallia: anemones & hard corals
      not calcified but attached by pedal disc
      asexual or sexually (spawning/maternal brooders)
      some seasonally hermaphrodites
      brooders - period of basic maternal care, larvae develop in mom
      6 tentacles (or multiples of 6)
      calcified skeleton = coral reefs 
      zooanthelle


Subclass Octocorallia: soft corals, sea fans
     colonial only
     8 feathery tentacles and sclerites (fleshy internal skeleton)

"
87
"Describe Scyphozoa 
"
"Scyphozoa (true jellies, moon jelly)
 four arms and four gastic pouches for balance
 rhopalium - oceli & statocysts detect light
 Medusa have tentacles around bell 
 *life cycle of Aurelia sp.
"
88
"Describe Cubozoa
"
"Cubozoa (box jelly)
 cube-shaped medusa w/ tentacles form each corner
 dominate medusa stage
 opening restricted by a velarium
 rhopalium - oceli & statocysts detect light
 lethal venom"
89
"Describe Hydrozoa & 2 species examples
"
"Hydrozoa (portuguese man-o-war)
 bioluminescent
 asexual& sexual, colonial and solitary, some freshwater

  Hydra sp. 
     freshwater solitary polyp, no medusa
     attached by a pedal disc but can move  
     2 types of nematocysts (envenomates & entagles prey)
     sexual & asexual


   Physalia physalis colony (man of war)
     Looks like a single organism, but individual different polyps
       - dacylozooids: defense & prey capture
       - pneumatophore: floatation
       - gastrozooids: feeding 
       - gonozooids: reproduction
"
90
"Describe Staurozoa 
"
"Staurozoa (star jellyfish)
medusae only, trumpet stape 
attaches to substrate with thin stalk shape
larvae creep along the ground (not free living)
sexual - gametes released into water"
91
"
What are the two types of ""Skeletons"" in Porifera and what are they made of?
"
"
Spongin = spongocytes (made by) protein, acts as endoskelton, shape, 

Some 10% have collogen ""skeletons"" instead made by collencytes

Spongin = spongocytes
collogen = collencytes

"
92
"How do Porifera eat? "
"Water/nutrients enter the spongocoel (large central cavity) from pores in the body wall called ostia and is excreted via a large opening at the top called the osculum"
93
"What are 3 cell types of Porifera?"
"Choanocyte: flaggelated, food trapped in mucous collar for filter feeding
Ambeobocyte: excretion, can become gametes, repoduction, digest food
Pinacocytes: make up the epidermis, line exterior of sponge "
94
"
The three germ layers of triploblastic animals are, starting with the deepest layer:
"
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
95
"Do Porifera have have organs?"
No

They carry out all life processes w/o true tissues (so no organ) cells act as organs 
96
"Asconoid canals have many chambers. True or False?"
False 

no thickness/folds (limits feeding)
 no flagellated chambers
97
"The lack of folds in Ascenoid canals limits feeding, True or False?"
True - less folds = less surface area, meaning less opportunities 
98
"Asconoid, Synconoid, Leuconoid
 
Put the terms together:

  • no spongeocel
  • many flagellated chambers
  • no thickness/folds
  • more common
  • some flagellated chambers
  • limited feeding
  • very thick, increased surface area for increased feeding
  • small exit canal
  • moderate thickness/folds
"
"Asconoid (simplest) -
   no thickness/folds (limits feeding)
   no flagellated chambers


Synconoid (moderate) 
   thicker (better ability to filter food) 
   have some flagellated chambers


Leuconoid (most complex)
   more common
   very thick (increased surface area for increased feeding) 
   small exit canal
   many flagellated chambers
"
99
"What do pinacocytes cells make up in Porifera?"
"Epidermis  (line exterior of sponge)"
100
"What cells line the exterior of sponge?"
pinacocytes
101
"What is the opening at the top of spongocel?"
"Osculum"
102
"What is the gelantinous material that houses specalised cells in Porifera called?"
"Mesophyl"
103
"What is a spongocoel?"
"Sponges are a hollow cylinder with a large central cavity called the spongocoel."
104
"Which body canal in sponges has no spongeocel?"
Luceonoid
105
"Pinacocytes"
make up the epidermis, line exterior of spong
106
"Choanocyte"
cell of flaggelated finger like projectors, food trapped in mucous collar for filter feeding
107
"Describe Seuxal Repoduction in Sponges
"

  • Chaonocytes transfer sperm to amoebocytes
  • who transfer sperm into eggs
  • Then fertilised and develop in mesophyl 
  • larvae are released via the spongocoel
  • larvae swim and grow on substrate 
108
"Describe 3 types of asexual repoduction in sponges"
"Asexual 3 types:
Budding - new growth breaks off & attaches to new surface
Fragmentation & Regeneration - regrows missing parts, pieces grow on newsurface
Gemmules - food balls kind of like spores that survive harsh conditions, break open when conditions improve "
109
"What is a Gemmules in Porifera
"
asexual reproduction
food balls kind of like spores that survive harsh conditions, break open when conditions improve 
110
"Are all animals multicellular?"
Yes
111
"What porifera cell can differentiate into gametes?"
Ambeocytes
112
"When a leuconoid sponge has a small exit canal, it also doesn't have...?"
has no spongeocel
113
"Are Porifera sequential hermaprodites?"
"yes  

(sometimes ♂ or ♀)  w/o self fertilization"
114
"Do porifera have reproductive organs?"
no official repoduction structures
115
"gonochorism"
sequential hermpahrodites, distinct sexes when gametes are differentiated by choanocyes/ameoboyctes 

116
"In what phylum do specalised cells act as organs?"
Porifera
117
"What calls are Totipotet?"
Amebeocytes
118
"Which class of Sponge has no spongin?"
"Calcarea"
119
"Asconoid canals have no flagellated chambers, True or False?"
True - no flagellated chambers
120
A body cavity that hold internal organs is a?
Coelom
121
"The first phyla of animals to have a true coleom are the "
Annelids
122
"The first class of animals to have a true coleom and alimentary canal are the "
Oligochetaes ?
123
"What are Metanephridia?"
"A gland involved in excretion, mainly found in invertebrates such as annelids , arthropods and mollusca. "
124
"Which animal phyla have a Metanephridia?

annelids
arthropods
platyhelminths
porifera
mollusca"
Mollusca
Annelid
Arthropods
125
"What are chaetae?"
"Chitinous (chiton) bristles or seta found in annelid worms
"
126
"Do Polychaete have chaetae?"
"Polychaete annelids are named for their chaetae. In Polychaeta, chaetae are found as bundles on the parapodia on every segement"
127
"Are annelids cuticle made of Chitin?"
No, non chitnous
128
"Are Polychaeta hermaphrodites? What type of fertilization? Do they have permenant reproductive structures?"
- not hermaphrodites (dioecious)
- Internal & extrernal fert, often broadcast spawning
- no permenant repoductive structures, seasonal
129
"What is the role of a caeca?"
stores undigested food
130
"Describe Subclass Hirudinea (leeches)


Segment count
defining traits
repoduction
feeding
regeneration
mouth
body parts
prey detection"
"
  • 34 segments
  • 2 suckers on each end for movement and feeding
  • Caecae stores food
  • can't regenerate 
  • Hermaphrodites 
  • Secrete cocoon (otheca like) with fertilised eggs from clitellum)
  • Engulf prey whole or stab with probiscis 
  • Blade jaws
  • Secrete hirudin (anticoloauglant) and an anaesthetic in saliva
  • Stores blood, caecae drop off when full
  • Use oceli, smell, and mechanoreceptors (water disturbance) to detect food
"
131
"What are the defining differences between Clitella and Polycheata"
"Clitella:
Presence of a clitella
No parapodia or chetea
Hermaphrodites

Polycheata:
Many parapodia and chetea
"
132
"What are 3 traits of Hirudinea repoduction?

"
  • Hermaphrodites 
  • Swap sperm 
  • Secrete cocoon (otheca like) with fertilised eggs from clitellum
133
"Describe subclass Oligochaeta (earthworms)


locomotion
innovations
eyes"
  • amazing regeneration
  • move via peristalsis
  • Major Innovation: full alimentary canal = complete digestion
  • respire across surface via moisture
  • Major innovation: excretion via metanephridia
  • no eyes
134
"What are two major evolutionary innovations that Oligochatae have?"
"
  • full alimentary canal = complete digestion
  • metanephridia for excretion
"
135
"Do all annelids have a prostomium and peristomium?"
"No - leeches don't"
136
"What are the prostomium and peristomium?
"
prostomium is in front of the mouth

peristomium surrounds the opening of the mouth
137
"What are the 6 regions in an Oligocheate digestive system?"
Complete alimentary canal (tube from mouth to anus)

Mouth: ingest food
Muscular pharynx: food passes through into narrow oesophagus 
Crop: storage organ
Gizzard: grinds up food with aid of stones
Intestine: nutrient absorption
Anus: waste passes out
138
"What is a crop in Olgiochetae?"
Organ that stores nutrients
139
"What is a gizzard in Oligochatea"
organ that grinds up food with non nutritional materials (pebbles)
140
"What type of circulatory system do Oligochaeta have?"
"Closed circulatory system = blood enclosed in blood vessels"
141
"Blood enclosed in blood vessels is a ____ circulatory system"
Closed
142
"Which annelids pump blood by 5 hearts?"
"Oligochaeta (earthworms)"
143
"How is waste excreted in Oligochatea?"
"
  • Metanephridia (excretory tubes in each segement) with funnels remove waste from coelom fluid
  • Waste is then transported to next segment via nephridostome
  • Waste excreted via nephridiopores
"
144
"How do earthworms repoduce?
"
Sperm deposited into cocoon, which fertilises the eggs, and is deposted on substrate
145
"Polychatea have ___ circulatory systems, while Clitella have a ___ circulatory system "
open, closed
146
"What are 2 ways leeches eat?"
"Engulf prey whole or stab with probiscis"
147
"Do arthropods have a coleom?"
Yes
148
"A zygote undergoes ____ via gastrolation to make embryotic germ layers"
Mitosis
149
Which 3 Phlya are Aceolomates ?
"Acoelomates....

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminths (not nematodes)"
150
"Aceolomates are always protosomes, true or false?"
True
151
"Nematodes mesoderm develops into a true coleom, true or false?"
False - pseudocoloem
152
"Organs embedded in the mesoderm are called"
Aceocolomates
153
"All aceolomates are unsegmented, true or false?"
True?
154
"Segmentation only occurs in Coleomates, true or false?"
True
155
"Internal organs embedded in fluid inside a body cavity is calld"
Coelomates
156
"Are aceolomates organs embedded in fluid?"
No
157
"Mollusca have ___ circulatory system, with the exception of Cephalods that have ___ circulatory system"
open, closed
158
"what circulatory systems do earthworms and cephalopods share?"
"A closed circulatory system 
"
159
"What digestive and excretion system do annelids and molluscs share?"
"An excretory system consisting of nephridia 
A complete digestive system"
160
"Some sponges can be described as gonochorism because"
they have distinct sexes when gametes are differentiated by choanocytes/ameobocytes
161
"What is the excretory organ in an Annelid called?"
"Nephridium"
162
"How do flatworms excrete waste & respire?"
"Respire across body surface, because they are so thin
have no organs for gas exchanges"
163
"What type of organs do platyhelminths have for respiration?"
None
164
"What are 3 ways platyhelminths are different to real worms?"
no segmentation, flat, no true body cavity
165
"How are platyhelminths different to nematodes?"
"b/cuz they are hermaphrodites, not clynidrical, & not psuedocolomates "
166
"Which Phlya was the first to show bilateral symmetry?"
Platyhelminths
167
"How do flame cells works?"
"Ciliated (tiny hairs) flame cells excrete toxic ammonia build up. Waste collect in the flame cells (aka protonephridia - ""pre kindey like""). Then travels through tubes & disposed through nephridiopores  "
168
"How many branches intenstine do Platyhelminths have?
"
3 branches
169
"What is disposed of through the nephridiopores?"
Ammonia waste
170
"Beating of the cillia causes fluid to filter through slits of the flame cell. True or false?"
True
171
"Do horsecrabs have book gills?"
Yes
172
"What is a Hypostome?

"
mouthpart in Lxodia 
173
"Diversification of manidble structures are a trait of which Phyla?"
Hexapoda
174
"What is the exoskeleton in Hexapoda made of?"
protiens & chitin
175
"""Proteinaceous and chitin exoskeleton"" describes which phyla?"
Hexapoda
176
"How many pairs of antenna do hexapods have?

"
one pair
177
"What are ommatidia?

"
compound eyes with many lenses
178
"How do ommatidia function?"
take in light and brain takes visual information and generates image
179
"What are the 3 component of a hexapod mouth?

"
maxillae
labium
mandibles
180
"What are maxillae?"
"behind manidbles, sharp, hold and manipulate food so it can be sliced by mandibles. Taste & manipulate food"
181
"What do manibles do?
"
jaws; bite off food and pass pieces to mouth
182
"Which part of the insects mouth tastes food?"
Maxillae
183
"Locusts and Mantids have what mouthparts"
Chewing mouthparts
184
"How do mantis mouthparts work?"
manidbles tear off food, and maxillae manipulate food. 5 segement palps
185
"Chewing mouthparts have a 5 segmented palp for sensory and taste, true or false?"
true
186
"mosquito and aphid have what mouth parts?
"
piercing and sucking (mandible and maxillae are needle like)
187
"How do mosquitos use a stylet?"
Pierce host and suck up fluid like a straw
188
"A prosoma in crustaceans is also called a?"
cethalothorax
189
"
Which of the following are the living classes within the phylum Arthropoda?

Polychaeta
Brachiopoda
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
"
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
190
"
What is the advantage of having jointed appendages?

They do not require muscles to move them.
They can bend.
They provide extra layers of protection.
"
they can bend
191
"In terrestrial arthropods, the respiratory system consists of tubes called ___ that have exterior openings called____"
trachea, spiricules
192
"Insects and Myriapoda use their Malpighian tubules for"
excretion
193
"What are 4 types of insect feeding types?"
crushing mandibles
tubular sucking mouthparts
sponging mouthparts
Siphoning mouthparts
194
"Name 3 modifications of front legs and 2 modifications of hind legs in insects and who uses them?"
Front legs of preying mantids and dragonflies: prey capture
Front legs of mole crickets: digging
Front legs of corixids: swimming 
Hind legs of grasshoppers: jumping
Hind legs of bees: carrying pollen
195
"The front legs of mole crickets are used for 
"
digging
196
"The trachea of insects has rings because?"
"it's supported by chitin"
197
"The hydrostatic skeleton facilitates...?"
movement
198
"Do insects have lungs?"
No 
199
"What does hameolymph do?"
"doesn't transfer oxygen, transfers nutrients instead"
200
"How does respirtation work in insects?
"
Air entres spiracles, travels through trachae, and into smaller tracheoles
201
"Is the tracheal system the same as the circulatory system in Hexapoda?"
no
202
"What is the role of Ostia in Hexapoda?"
perforations allow for hemolymph from body to enter heart
203
"Which Phlya is Wuchereria bancrofti
"
"nematode

"
204
"Do sponging mouthparts have a mandible?
"
No
205
"Do all insects have a mandible?"
"No, flies with sponging mouth parts don't and lepitodtera with siphoning probiscus don't"
206
"Sponging mouthparts in flies are made up of?"
Labrum with labial lobes: sponge to mop up liquids
207
"How do siphoning mouthparts work?"
Mandibles usually absent
Maxillae: long coiled sucking proboscis 
 Pharyngeal muscles pump fluid into mouth
208
"What is biramous?
"
like crustaceans, branches into two
209
"What are Nauplius?
"
unsegmented larvae w/ 3 appendanges 
210
"How many antennae do Crustaceans have?"
2 pairs
211
"What are Tympaneum?
"
eardrum membrane covering an air sac, nerves send signals to the brain

in orthorpetera, they are on the legs
212
"Why are large spiracles on the thorax?"
so more oxygen can be energized for movement
213
"Coleoptera go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?

"
holometabolus
214
"Difference between Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?"
Hemimetabolous: incomplete
Holometabolous: complete 
215
"Holometabolous metamorphis?"
complete
216
"Hemimetabolous metamorphis?
"
"Incomplete, same food "
217
"Odonata go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?"
hemimetabolous. Niads to Imago
218
"Orthorptera go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?"
hemimetabolous
219
"Hemiptera go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?"
Hemimetabolous 
220
"Diptera go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?"
homometabolous
221
"Hymenoptera go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?

"
holometabolous
222
"Pharyngeal muscles pump fluid into which mouthpart?


"
Siphoning
223
"Which mouthpart develops into a porbiscus in Lepidoptera?

"
Maxillae
224
"What is the function of the Elytra?

"
protect hind wings & stridulation in beetles
225
"What are Halters in flies?

"
modified hind wings for balance
226
"What is the defining trait of a Hemiptera?
"
Rostrum (piericing and sucking) 
227
"What is the defining trait of Coleoptera?
"
Eyltra 
228
"What is the largest insect family?
"
weevils
229
"What are Naiads?

"
nymph dragonflies
230
"What are Imagos?"
adult dragonflies
231
"What differentiates the two suborders of Diptera?

"
"Nematocera (mozzies): multisegmented antennae
Brachycera (flies): hairy antennae"
232
"Which insect order has large hing legs and Aposematism?"
Orthoptera
233
"Aposematism?

"
warning colouration
234
"Which insect order has a flexible diet?
"
Orthoptera
235
"Which order has sucking/chewing mouthparts, motile head, and 2 wing sets?

"
Hymenoptera
236
"Do Hymenoptera have an ovipositor?
"
Yes - used as a stinger
237
"Taste receptors use ____ in various location (but usually in the mouth)"
hairs/bristles
238
"Wasps have their taste receptors on thier?
"
Antenna
239
"Butterflies have taste receptors on their?
"
feet 
240
"Diptera have taste receptors on their?

"
wings
241
"Hymenoptera vs Hemioptera?"
"Hymmenoptera - bees and ants (♀)
Hemiptera - true bugs (half)"
242
"Hemiptera 

"
true bugs
243
"hymenoptera
"
ants wasps
244
"Spiracles are like stomata except..."
"they can't close"
245
"Insects have a ____ circulatory system"
open
246
"Insects have a ventral nerve cord and 3 ganglia. True or false?

"
True
247
"What are the 3 types of insect ganglia?
"
"Suboesophageal: motor control and movement of mouthparts
Thoracic: locomotion and stridulation
Abdominal: respiration, circulation and reproduction"
248
" Suboesophageal relates to?"
"head region of ganglia, used for movement

"
249
"Malpighian tubules in hexapoda and myriapoda are used for"
Excretion
250
"Which Annelid has a open circulatory system and a complete digestive system 
"
Polychaeta (Bristle Worms)
251
"Which Annelid respires via diffusion or parapodia?

"
Polychaeta
252
"Which Annelid has a Prostonium & Peristonium
"
All annelids  (except mybe leeches?)
253
"Which Annelid has no suckers but might have jaws and venom
"
Polychatea
254
"Pharynx, tentacles, and palps for feeding is a trait of all of which Annelida class?

"
Polychatea
255
"Phaynx Tentacles and Suckers are used by Polychatea for feeding, true or false?"
False - no suckers
256
"Polychatea have a closed circulatory system and a complete digestive system. True or False"
False - open circulatory system
257
"Which groups have a complete digestive system? "
Polychatea (bristle worms)
258
"Which groups have a open circulatory system?"

Polychatea
259
"Why aren't Platyhelminths worms?"
"they don't have metamatric segmentation and are flattened, no true body cavity, have protonephridia instead of nephridia & their cephalisation is not as defined"
260
"Branchiopods vs Brachiopods
"
"Branchiopods - crustaceans (fins)

Brachiopods - shells like bivalves but not left and right arrangement

N - crustaceans"
261
"How are crustaceans different to chelicerates?"
Presence of antenae 
262
"Do barnacles (Cirripedia) spawn?
"
No - use BDE
263
"Do Crustaceans have a coleom?"
Yes
264
"Are antennae in crustceans the smaller 1st pair or the second longer pair?"
2nd pair
265
"The Green Gland pore in prawns and crabs (Decapods - Malocrustacea) is found?"
On the base of the 2nd antennae
266
"Biramous appendeges in Crustaceans have which two segments?"
Exo & Endopods
267
"Decreasing appendages & increasing specialisation is found in which Phyla?"
Crustacea
268
"Are crustaceans protosomes?"
Yes
269
"Repoduction is mostly sexual, rarely asexual, and occasionally parthenogenic - describes the traits of which Phyla?"
Crustacea
270
"Nephridia excretes NH3 ammonia over gills in which phyla?"
Crustacea
271
"What are Scaphongnaithite?"
leafy gill bailers on the 2nd maxillae, organ pumps water over gills to promote gas exchange
272
"What do Scaphongnaithites do?"
organ pumps water over gills to promote gas exchange
273
"How do small crustaceand respire vs large crustaceans?"
Small ones respire across body surface, large ones respsire via feathery gills protected by a carapace
274
"Large crustaceas use feathery gills that increase surface area which helps with?"
respiration
275
"Which phyla uses brood sacs or brood chambers on thier abdominal appendages?"
crustacea
276
"How do green glands function?"
"osmoregulates body cavity fluid, filters & excretes out pore on 2nd antenna

also used for sex signaling by males"
277
"Branchiopoda are a phyla similar to bivalves. True or false?
"
False - small primitive shrimp
278
"Are nauplis segmented?"
No - unsegmented
279
"How many appendages to Naupluis have?"
3 - antennae, anntenules, manidbles
280
"Crustaceans and ____ have setae on appendages for locomotion and respiration?"
Polychatae
281
"Difference between Isopod and Amphiopod?"
"Isopods are DV flattened, Amphiopods are laterally flattened "
282
"Amphiopods are DV flattened. True or False?
"
false, isopods are
283
"Isopods are laterally flattened. True or False?
"
False - DV flattened
284
"What do Isopods and Amphioda have in common?"
"can be parastitic
flattened but differently
sessile eyes not attached to stalk
no carapace
"
285
"Isopods and Amphioda both have sessile eyes attached to a stalk. True or False?"
False - not attached to stalk
286
"Isopods and Amphioda have no carapace. True or False?"
True
287
"Isopods (Malacostraca order), Copepoda (Maxillopoda sub class), Anostraca (Branchiopoda order), and Amphioda (Malacostraca order) share what trait?

"
no carapace
288
"
What are the 4 orders of Malacostraca?

"
"
  1.  Isopoda – no carapace, DV flattened with armour plating; 
  2. Amphipoda – no carapace, laterally flat
  3. Euphausiacea – plankton
  4. Decapoda – crabs, lobsters, shrimp
"
289
"Whale shark food plankton belongs to which order?
"
Euphausiacea 
290
"Which order do crabs and lobsters belong?"
Decapoda
291
"What are the 3 classes of Crustacea?
"
Branchiopoda
Maxillopoda
Malacastraca
292
"
The order of parastic isopods that eat fish tounges belong to which class

"
Malacostraca
293
"
Malacostraca is an order of the class Maxillopoda. True or False? 
"
false - malacostraca are their own crustacean class
294
"
Maxillopoda is an order of Crustaceans. T orF? 
"
False - they are thier own class
295
"What are the two subclasses of Maxillopoda?"
Copepoda 
Thecostraca
296
"What are the main traits of the Branchiopod orders

Anostraca (fairy shrimp)
Notostraca 
Diplostraca (sea lice)"
"
Anostraca: no carapace
Notostraca: carapace large dorsal shield
Diplostraca: carapace encloses body but not head
"
297
"
One eye, no carapace or appendages describes which Maxillopoda sub class?
"
Copepoda 
298
"Copepoda (class maxillopoda) have no eyes or appendages, why?"
"Live in subterrean caves/vents 

"
299
"
Branchiopoda is the class of what animals? 
"
fairy shrimp, brine shrimp,
300
"
Maxillopoda is the class of what animals? 
"
Barnacles, shark parastic and symbiotic larvae
301
"What is a cyprid?"
A second stage of nauplius that uses adult phermones to find a suitable place to settle
302
"
Cirripedia have a tergum and ___ 
"
"scutum (small valve)

"
303
"What is a Cirripedia tergum? "
"dorsal plate

"
304
"What is a Cirripedia scutum?"
small valve 
305
"Barancales have a reduced head, ability to close tergum plate and scutum vale, and are surrounded by hard plates. True or false?"
True
306
"What are the first 5 pleopods called?"
"Swimmerts

"
307
"The tail of a crustacean is composed of?
"
Telson and uropods
308
"Which class uses green gland for excretion? 
"
"
Malacostraca 
"
309
"Thoracopods are found on what body region?"
Cephalothorax
310
"Pereiopods can be used for respiration because?"
they have gills
311
"The abdomen of most crustacea contains 6 somites called?"
pleomeres
312
"What are the 3 feeding types of Nematodes"
saphorytes, predators, parasites
313
"Do nematodes fertilize internally or externally?"
Internally
314
"Are nematodes hermaphrodites or dioecious?"
dioeceious & diamoprhic. female larger and has 3 opening, male has 2 openings and curved tail
315
"How do nematodes move?"
via thrashing motion w/ longitudinal muscles
316
"How do nematode muscles facilitate movement?"
"muscles attach to cuticle
alternating of d & v creates sinsusoidal waves"
317
"Do nematodes have a complex digestive tract?"
yes! mouth - phaynx - anus
318
"What do predatory nematodes eat?"
plants - prenetrate cell w/ stylet & allows fungi to enter roots

other nematodes - smaller one attaches to biger one and scrapes at cutcile until can eat insides
319
"What do nematodes use a stylet for?"
to penetrate cell walls 
320
"How do nematodes repoduce?"
males uses curved tail to hold female and insert sperm into genital pore
321
"WHy aren't nematodes real worms?"
no segmentation, and have a collagen cuticle that moults
322
"What is Ascaris lumbrioides? which phlya?"
"food contamination, Nematode

"
323
"What is Diflofiluburia immitis?"
dog heart worm
324
"How do nematodes respire?"
across surface
325
"Do nematodes have a respitory or circulatory system?"
no
326
"Why are nematodes important in soils?"
the break down soils and promte drainage
327
"What type of body cavity do nematodes have?"
pseduocolomate
328
"Do roundworms have a cuticle?"
Yes! made of collagen
329
"What are sinusoidal waves?"
thrashing movement
330
"How do cercomeromorpha attach to host?"
"use scolex, suckers, hooks

"
331
"how do cestoda digest nutrients?"
across surface
332
"what are proglottids?"
small repoductive units segments. will break off, and release through host species
333
"How do cerocomeromorpha prevent from being digested in intestines?"
by having a cuticle
334
"How do turbellaria (Dugesia sp.) eat?"
may spew digestive enzymes, mouth & pharnyx
335
"What is the life cycle of a Schistosoma sp?
"
blood fluke
1. eggs passed through human feces 2. ingsted by molluscs 3. free swiming larvae breaks through human skin/blood vessels 4. reproduce in our bladders
336
"Where is the ganglia located in Turbellaria?"
in their head & connects to nerve cords
337
"What are cestoda?
"
a subclass of cercomeromorpha (tapeworms)
338
"do planarians reproduce sexually or asexually?
"
both
339
"How do planarians repoduce aseuxally?
"
by splitting latidunally or splitting in half, fission
340
"what surface are nephirpores on?
"
ventral
341
"flame cells have cilia that beat to filter fluid through slits. True or False?"
true
342
"Platyhelminths were the first to have what 3 major evolutionary advantages?
"
3 germ layers, cephalisation, bilateral symmetry
343
"why are platyhelminths different to nematodes?
"
nematodes have a cuticle that moults
platyhelminths are aceolomates vs psuedocolomates
platyhelminths are hermpahrodites
344
"Why arent platyhelminths worms?
"
they dont have metametric segmentation
& are DV flattened, no true body cavity, have protonephridia instead of metanephridia, cephalisation not as defined
345
"Are myriapoda coleomates?"
Yes. Reduced coleom = haemocel like insects
346
"A reduced coelom in myridapods is called a ?
"
haemocel
347
"Myriapods have biamarous appendages. True or false?"
False - uriamorous
348
"What does Anamorphosis mean
"
addition of new segments with each moult
349
"
Euanamorphosis?
"
continuing to add segments after maturity
350
"Hemianamorphis?"
"no segments after maturity, but still moults

"
351
"Teloanamorphis?"
"no segments or moults after maturity


"
352
"Epimorphis?
"
" same # of segments w/ each moult. parental care

"
353
"Chilopoda have ___ segments per leg, while Diplopedia have ___ segments per leg
"
1, 2
354
"All myriapoda have 1pps except?
"
diplopedia
355
"what are the 4 myriapoda classes?
"
chilopedia - centipedes
diplopedia - millipeds
pauropoda- miscropic things with pseucodoli 
symphyla - pesudopeds 
356
"What are the 3 developmental trait of Chilopoda ?
"
epimorphis (same number of segments)                epi = over ? same number of segments over time?
telo and hemi anamorphic (no segments after maturity)  

telo - end, final (no segments or moults - male atrax)
Hemi - half. (no segments but still moults - female atrax)
357
"Are chilopoda euanamporhis
"
no
358
"Are diplopedia anamorphis
"
yes
359
"Myriapoda have segmented ganglia, true or false?
"
true
360
"Myriapods have open ciruclatory system with no respitory pigments, this mostly closely remebles which other phylas?"
hexapoda
361
"what is direct development?
"
babies have few segments and legs and will get more as they grow
362
"Myriapods have trachea with paired spiracles. True or false?"
true
363
"Uniamarous vs biamarous?"
"A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end."
364
"
Describe Hydra sp.
"
"
 freshwater solitary polyp, no medusa
     attached by a pedal disc but can move  
     2 types of nematocysts (envenomates & entagles prey)
   

"
365
"
Which Hydrozoa species looks like one organism but is really many individual polyps

"
"
Physalia physalis colony (man of war)
"
366
"
How do leeches and earthworms use their Clitellata?
"
Sperm deposited into “cocoon”, which fertilises the eggs, and is deposited on substrate
367
"
Which was the first class to have true tissues?
"
Cnidaria
368
"Describe the subclass Hexcoralla in Anthozoans"
"
 Anthozoans (hexa/octo...corllia)
soliatry or social polyps, no medusa
   Subclass Hexacorallia: anemones & hard corals
 not calcified but attached by pedal disc
 asexual or sexually (spawning/maternal brooders)
   some seasonally hermaphrodites
brooders - period of basic maternal care, larvae develop in mom     6 tentacles (or multiples of 6)   calcified skeleton = coral reefs   zooanthelle
"
369
"
Class Merostomata (Order Xiphosura) is important for pharmaceuticals because?

"
"
Horseshoe Crabs
Blue blood with high copper content important for vaccines abd many pharmaceutical purposes due to presence of amebocytes that detect endotoxins
"
370
"What are trochophore larvae?

"
free swimming larvae with cilla
371
"How do metanephridia function?"
Collects the liquid from the celomatic cavity and excretes out an opening in the body cavity
372
"Which Chelicerate has no book lungs/gills and has a long probiscus for feeding?"
"Class Pycnogonida (Order Pantopoda)"
373
"
Venoms of chelicerates are important for
Bioprospecting or Biomonitoring

"
Bioprospecting
374
"
Which of the following are the living classes within the phylum Arthropoda?

Polychaeta, Brachiopoda, Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda
"
"
Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda
"
375
"
Which Annelid subclass has a definitive number of 34 segments and 2 suckers on each end?

"
Hirdudiena (leeches)
376
"
Where are the prostomium & peristomium 
"
"
prostomium is in front of the mouth
peristomium surrounds the opening of the mouth

peri = surrounding
pros = near, towards

"
377
"
Bioperturbation 
"
distribution of sediments
378
"What is the respitory system in Mollusca called (other than terresterial lungs)?"
Ctenida
379
"what is a Odontophore"
muscular base of radula
380
"
veliger larvae belong to what class?
"
"mollusca

"
381
"Cephalopods have a CLOSED circulatory system and 3 hearts usede for?"
2 branchial hearts: move blood through gill capillaries
1 systemic heart: provides rest of body with blood 
382
"Which Mollusca class has no radula?"
Bivalves
383
"What special adaption to nautuilis have?"
ballast bouyancy chambers
384
"What are the 3 parts of a bivalve shell?"
Periostratcum
Ostracum
Nacreous
385
"Describe the relation of an open circulatory system and hameocel and the differences in arthropoda vs mollusca"
Open circulatory system means blood or haemolpmyh not enclosed in vessels, so flows through cavity called hameocel. 

In hexapoda and myriapoda, heamolmpyh has no pigments and is not oxygenated, it carries nutrients instead

in myridapoda, the haemocel acts as a reduced body cavity

All molluscs have open except for cephalopods, but their blood is oxygenated carried into haemocel
386
"Which annelid class has a probiscus?"
hirudinea
387
"A fluid filled body cavity between the body wall and the gut, that is not devleoped or enclosed by the mesoderm is called?"
psuedocoleomate
388
"What 3 organs are used fo respiration in echinoderms?"
Gills, papula, tube feet
389
"The first animal group to have a true brain and heart?
"
"Echinoderms
"
390
"What is the role of madreporite?
"
preforation plug allows water in
391
"what is the water vascular system"
canals connecting to tube feet used for locomotin, respiration and feeding. Hydraulic system
392
"what is the endoskeleton made out"
connective dermis and calcerous ossicles
393
"what is a pedicellaria?  
"
"small pincer organ dor defense

"
394
"are echinoderms segemented?"
yes
395
"are echnioderms hermphrodites?"
no, dieocious
396
"do echinoderms use internal fertilization
"
yes
397
"what are dermal brachiae (Papulae)
"
skill gills, projections of coleom
398
"what protects the gills on aboral side of echinoderms
"
paxillae
399
"which is the aboral side?

"
top side away from mouth
400
"do Crinoidea have a pedicillaria, spines or madreporite"
"

no pedicillaria, spines or madreporite"
401
"Asteroidea (sea stars) vs Ophiuroidia (brittle stars)
"
"Asteroidea use tube feet for movement while ophiuroidia use arms to move
sea stars have a complete digestion systen, brittle stars don't have an anus and it only happens in central disc

Ophiuroidia: long spindly arms

"
402
"what are ossicles
"
tiny bone bumps for protection and structure
403
"what are the two stomachs of asteroidea?"
cardiac - spews mouth on prey
plyoric - connects to digestion glands and intestines
404
"how do Holothuriodea eat
"
sea cucumbers
tube feet - mucous oral tentaclels catch food, processed through long intesetines 
405
"how do Crinoidea  move?"
move with cirri and swim with arms
406
"which echinoderm may have a holdfast?"
crinoidea
407
"which echinoderm has a complete digestion system"
asteroidea
408
"Which echinoderm catches food in muscous, then tube feet move it down the ambularcral grooves, then moved down pinnacles, into mouth"
"crinoidea
"
409
"what are tube feet

"
assist with digestion, locomotion and respiration
suction cup things
410
"what is a bursa
"
"
cilia-lined sacs for gas exchange and sometimes 
brooding in Ophiuoida
"
411
"which echinoderm has closed ambulacral grooves?

"
Ophiuroidia 
412
"
Holothuroidea have a stone canal, also called a  
"
"polian vesicle  (tube leading to madreporite)

"
413
"Holothurioidea have mucous covered tentacles, T or F?"
true
414
"Holothurioidea have webbed papillape for swimming,T or F?
"
true
415
"which echinoderm class moves by trashing in a u motion?
"
"Holothurioidea"
416
"which enchidoderm class breathes through anus and has a cloaca?
"
"Holothurioidea"
417
"which echinoderm class is capable of mass spawning"
"Holothurioidea"
418
"what are cuverian tubes?
"
"sticky webbing entagles pedators

"
419
"which echinoderm has spines attached to a ball and socket joint?

"
echinooidea
420
"
Ossicles fused to form a strong, rigid test in which class of echinoderms

"
echnoidea
421
"
which echinoderm moves by pulling along the substrate 

"
crinodidea
422
"what is class Class Pycnogonida "
sea spiders
423
"what is Order Pantopoda"
sea spiders
424
"Asteroidea use ___ for movement while ophiuroidia use ___ to move"
tube feet, arms
425
platyhelminths
"cerocomeromorpha belongs to which phlya"
426
"small crustaceans respire via ____ while large crustaceans use ____"
across exoskeleton, feather gills
427
"what scaphongnaite?"
gill bailer, thin leaf appendage of maxilla. pumping organ
428
"what axis do hox genes develop"
"Anteiror (front/ventral) - Posterior (back/dorsal) axis"
429
"which cell in porifera is responsible for the secretion of spongin and spicules"
ambeobcytes

Bio (3 decks)

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