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ankle Flashcards

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1
Q

tibial stress fracture

A
  • most common stress fracture location
  • women>men
  • military, runners >25mpw
  • history: shin pain with wb, recent changes with training
  • TTP anterior aspect of tibia, edema, tuning fork test
  • diagnostic: MRI gold standard
  • management: activity reduction
  • prognosis: delayed treatment leads to prolonged return to activity
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2
Q

ottawa ankle rule

A
  • TTP along distal 6cm of posterior edge of tibia or tip of medial malleolus
  • TTP along distal 5cm of posterior edge of fibular or tip of lateral malleolus
  • inability to bear weight both immediately and in ED for 4 steps
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3
Q

ottowa foot rule

A
  • ttp at base of 5th met
  • ttp at navicular
  • inability to bear weight both immediately and in ED for 4 steps
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4
Q

avulsion fracture

A
  • injury or sports
  • participation in sports is risk factor
  • violent muscle contraction, may hear or feel pop
  • painful passive stretch or active contraction of involved muscle, pain on palpation
  • diagnostic: radiography
  • non surgical or surgical
  • prognosis is good.
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5
Q

venous thomboembolizm

A
  • commonly seen in patients with cancer, following surgery, trauma, or immobilization
  • located proximal to bifurcation of the popliteal vein, considered to be more dangerous
  • located distal to bifurcation of popliteal vein
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6
Q

risk factors for PAD

A
  • male
  • age >60
  • intermittent claudication
  • abnormal pulses in both feet
  • ischemic heart disease
  • hx of smoking
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7
Q

ABI

A

ankle systolic BP/bracial systolic BP

  • normal: 1-1.3
  • ABI less than .9 diagnostic for PAD
    mild: .7-.9
    mod: .4-.7
    severe: <.4
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8
Q

iliac artery occlusive disease

A

intermittent claudication
- buttocks: aorta, common iliac artery, hypogastric
- thigh: external iliac, common femoral artery

leriche syndrome
- decreased femoral pulses
- muscle atrophy
- impotence: indicates internal illiac, pudendal, obturator arteries

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9
Q

knee OA by altmin

A

3/6
- age >50
- morning stiffness <30 min
- crepitus
- bony tenderness
- bony enlargement
- no palpable warmth

SN: .95
SP. .69

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10
Q

lateral ankle sprain

A
  • least stable in loose packed position: PF with inversion
  • progression of severity from ATF Lto CFL to PTFL
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11
Q

medial ankle sprain

A
  • less common due to decreased eversion ROM and bony architecture (5-10% of all ankle sprains)
  • more severe
  • potential for mortise instability
  • medial malleolar fracture
  • localized pain over the deltoid
  • positive eversion (talar tilt) test
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12
Q

syndesmotic high ankle sprain

A
  • even more rare
  • injury to ATFL ligament and/or syndesmosis
  • hyper dorsiflexion
  • rotation and PF
  • recovery >6 months
  • often surgical candidate

special tests
- syndesmotic squeeze
- ER stress test
- fibular translation test

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13
Q

grade 1 lateral ankle sprain

A
  • mild symptoms
  • likely kept playing
  • microscopic tearing of ATFL
  • no functional loss or instability
  • recovery time: 2-10 days
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14
Q

grade 2 lateral ankle sprain

A
  • moderate functional loss
  • involves ATFL and CFL
  • may have initially walked it off
  • diffuse swelling/tenderness
  • recovery time 10-30 days
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15
Q

grade 3 lateral ankle sprain

A
  • unstable multi-ligamentous sprain
  • anterior capsular involvement
  • unable to fully WB
  • diffuse edema/tenderness
  • frequent concomitant fracture
  • recovery time 30-90 days
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16
Q

anterior drawer for ankle

A
  • test ATFL
  • better diagnostic accuracy 5 days post injury compared to 2 days post injury
    (+) pain or laxity
  • sensitive test
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17
Q

talar tilt test

A

Patient is seated with foot and ankle unsupported. The foot is positioned in 10-20 degrees of plantarflexion. The distal lower leg is stabilized with one hand just proximal to the malleloi and the hindfoot is inverted with the other hand. The lateral aspect of the talus is palpated to determine if tilting occurs. The laxity is compared to the contralateral side.

  • tests CFL
  • SN: .67 SP: .75
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18
Q

chronic ankle instability

A
  • residual symptoms that include feelings of giving way and instability as well as repeated ankle sprains, persistent weakness, pain during activity and self-reported disability
  • mechanical instability (laxity, joint changes)
  • functional instability (altered neuromuscular control, strength deficits, postural control deficiency)
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19
Q

potential objectives of using a foot orthosis

A
  • shock attenuation and absorption
  • provide cushion to tender areas of foot
  • relieve areas of abnormal increased plantar pressure
  • provide support, and protection of a healed fracture site
  • minimize shear forces
  • attempt correction of flexible deformities, or to provide support and stability
  • restrict motion of painful joints
  • try and accommodate rigid deformities.
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20
Q

accommodative (soft) foot arthoses

A
  • designed to provide cushioning and protection
  • include insensate foot and fixed deformites
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21
Q

accommodative (soft) foot orthoses

A
  • designed to protect and cushion
  • made for insensate foot and fixed deformities
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22
Q

rigid foot orthoses

A
  • designed to provide arch support and control for flexible deformities, are often durable
  • offer minimal cushion, shock absorption, and protection
  • not easily adjustable
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23
Q

semirigid foot orthoses

A
  • most frequently used
  • cushioning, shock absorption, protection, weight redistribution, support, and control for flexible deformities
  • used to offload areas subjected to abnormal high pressure
  • great for neuropathic patients
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24
Q

off shelf orthoses

A
  • good for cushioning and shock attenuation in those without deformity, neuropathy, or ulcers
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25
ankle foot orthoses
- double upright construction attached to shoe or molded ankle foot orthoses - can be fixed or articulated - to limit ankle motion: trim lines should extend anteriorly to level of midline malleoli - to control subtalar or midtarsal motion while maintaining some ankle motion: trim line should end posterior to malleoli
26
dynamic AFO
- provides proprioceptive feedback from ground and can help strength calf muscle - goal is support while providing normal ORM
27
hinged AFO
- foot drop - dorsiflexion assist functional AFO can add plantar flexion stop in severe foot drop
28
arizona brace AFO
- designed for conservative management of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction or other hindfoot deformities - maintain hindfoot in neutral - has reduced height - more bulkier and difficulty fitting inside shoes
29
night splints for plantar fasciitis
- keep ankle in DF - great combined with anti-inflammatories, viscoelastic heel pads, and stretching program of gastrocsoleus complex
30
posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
- goal is to attempt restoring the medial arch and to eliminate pronation
31
morton neuroma
- typically between 3-4 met head - metatarsal pad: splays metatarsal heads to relieve pressure - first line of treatment is shoe modification to use shoe with low heel and large toe box
32
exercise mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL A - should use mechanical loading, eccentric exercise, or heavy load slow speed exercise program to decrease pain and improve function for patients with midportion achilles tendinopathy LVL F - patients should exercises at least twice weekly
33
stretching mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL C - may use stretching of PF's with the knee flexed and extended
34
neuro-reeducation mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL F - may use NM exercises targeting lower extremity impairments
35
manual therapy mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL F - may consider joint mobilization and STM to increase ROM
36
patient education: activity modification mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL B - for non acute, patients should advise that complete rest is not indicated and they should continue with recreationally activity within pain tolerance
37
patient counseling mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL E - theories supporting use for PT and role of mechanical loading - modifiable risk factors (BMI, shoewear) - typical time course for recovery
38
heel lifts mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL D - no recommendation
39
night splints mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL C - should not use night splints
40
orthoses mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL D - no recommendation
41
taping mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL F - should no use therapeutic elastic tape to reduce pain or improve functional performance - may use rigid taping to decrease strain on the achilles tendon and alter foot posture
42
low level laser therapy mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL D - no recommendation
43
iontophoresis mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL B - should use iontophoresis with dexamethasone to decrease pain and improve function in acute
44
dry needling mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL F - may use combined therapy of dry needling and eccentric exercise for individuals with symptoms greater than 3 months and increased tendon thickness
44
dry needling mid portion Achilles tendinopathy 2018
LVL F - may use combined therapy of dry needling and eccentric exercise for individuals with symptoms greater than 3 months and increased tendon thickness
45
diagnosis of acute lateral ankle sprain lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL B - anterolateral drawer test - anterolateral talar palpation - traditional anterior drawer test
46
primary prevention of first time lateral ankle sprain lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL A - should recommend use of prophylactic bracing to reduce risk LVL C - may recommend use of prophylactic balance training to those who have not experienced LAS
47
secondary prevention of recurrent LAS lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL A - should prescribe prophylactic bracing and use proprioceptive and balance-focused therapeutic exercise training programs
48
acute and postacute LAS: protection lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL A - should advise patients to use external supports and to progressively bear weight on affected limb - in more severe injuries, immobilization ranging from semi-rigid bracing to below knee casting may be indicated for up to 10 days post injury
49
acute and postacute LAS: TE lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL A - should include protected AROM, stretching, neuromuscular training, postural re-ed, balance LVL D - conflicting evidence as to the best way to augment unsupervised components of HEP
50
acute and postacute LAS: occupational and sports related training lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL B - should implement return to work schedule and use brace early in rehab
51
acute and postacute LAS: manual therapy lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL A - should use manual such as lymphatic drainage, active and passive joint mobilization, AP talar mobilization within pain free movement along with therapeutic exercise
52
acute and postacute LAS: acupuncture lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL D - conflicting evidence
53
acute and postacute LAS: modalities
LVL C - cryotherapy: may us intermittent following exercise LVL C - diathermy: may use pulsating shortwave diathermy for reducing edema and gait deviations LVL E - electrotherapy: evidence for and against LVL C - low level laser: may use to reduce pain in initial phase LVL A - ultrasound: should not use ultrasound
54
acute and postacute LAS: NSAID's lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL C - may use NSAID's to reduce pain and swelling
55
CAI: external support lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL B - should not use bracing or standing as stand alone to improve balance or stability
56
CAI: exercise lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL A - should prescribe proprioceptive and neuromuscular therapeutic exercise to improve dynamic postural stability and patient-perceived stability
57
CAI: manual therapy lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL A - should use graded joint mobilizations, manipulations, NWB and WB mobilization to improve ankle DF and dynamic balance for short term
58
CAI: dry needling lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL C - may use dry needling of fibularis muscle in conjunction with proprioceptive training to reduce pain and improve function
59
CAI: combined treatments lateral ankle ligament sprains 2021
LVL B - may use multiple interventions to supplement balance training including exercise and manual therapy
60
posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
- common cause of painful acquired flatfoot deformity in adults - loss of hindfoot inversion, inability to negotiate uneven ground, climb, descend stairs
61
stage I PTTD
- pain and swelling along tendon - length of tendon is normal, patient can perform SL heel raise - flatfoot deformity is minimal - alignment of hindfoot forefoot complex is normal and subtalar joint remains flexible
62
stage II PTTD
- unable to perform SL heel raise due to attenuation or disruption of PTT - tendon is enlarged and elongated - foot has adopted pes planovalgus position with collapse of medial longitudinal arch, hindfoot valgus, and subtalar joint eversion, forefoot abduction - subtalar joint is flexible - ankle is in equinus
63
stage III PTTD
- patient unable to do SL heel raise - severe flatfoot deformity - pes planovalgus deformity is fixed and lateral subluxed navicular cannot be reduced
64
medial tibia stress fracture
- present with medial shin pain aggravated with exercise - tenderness localized in posteromedial border of lower third
65
anterior cortex of tibia stress fracture
- critical due to prone to delayed union, nonunion, and complete fracture - can take 4-6 months to heal
66
fibular stress fracture
- result from muscle traction and torsional forces - in distal third fibula commonly
67
medial malleolus stress fracture
- several week history of mild discomfort followed by acute episode that results in seeking medical attention
68
talus stress fracture
- localized tenderness over medial or lateral aspects of calcaneous - 6-8 weeks to heel - can run after 6 weeks
69
cuboid and cuneiform stress fractures
- rare
70
navicular stress fracture
- most commonly occurs in central third - pain is insidious and nonspecific - nonweightbearing for 6 weeks
71
metatarsal stress fracture
- 1,3,4 are usually uncomplicated - base of 2 are most common in ballet dances and require rest for 6 weeks - most common 5th met is avulsion of tuberosity by peroneus brevis tendon
72
exertional compartment syndrome
- reversible ischemia secondary to noncompliant osseofascial compartment that is unresponsive to expansion of muscle volume that occurs with exercise - presents as recurrent episodes of leg discomfort experienced at a give distance or intensity in running - quality of pain is tight, cramplike, or squeezing ache over specific compartment
73
what can lead to increase in compartment pressure
- enclosure of compartmental contents in an inelastic fascial sheath - increased volume of skeletal muscle with exertion due to blood flow and edema - muscle hypertrophy as response to exercise - dynamic contraction factors due to gait cycle
74
anterior compartment of leg
- contains extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - peroneus tertius - anterior tib - deep peroneal nerve 45% of compartment syndrome
75
lateral compartment of leg
- peroneus longus and brevis - superficial peroneal nerve 10% compartment syndrome
76
posterior compartment of leg superficial
- gastrocsoleus - sural nerve 5% compartment syndrome
77
posterior compartment of leg deep
- flexor hallucis longus - flexor digitorum longus - posterior tib - posterior tib nerve 40% compartment syndrome
78
medial tibial stress syndrome
- diffuse tenderness over posteromedial aspect of distal third of tibia - increased valgus force on rear foot and excessive pronation that result in eccentric contraction of soleus and posterior tib muscles are causes - other factors include excessive planus or cavus, tarsal coalition, lower extremity length inequality, muscle imbalance treatment: rest and correction in training - should avoid hill running and uneven surfaces
79
risk factors plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL B - limited DF - high BMI in non athletic - running - work related weight bearing activities with poor shock absorption
80
manual therapy plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL A - should use joint and soft tissue mobilization, mobility and calf flexibility to decrease pain and improve function
81
stretching plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL A - should use plantar fascia specific and GS stretching to provide short term relief - may use heel pads to increase benefits from stretching.
82
taping plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL A - should use antipronation tape for immediate pain reduction (3 weeks) - can use elastic therapeutic tape applied to gastroc and plantar fascia for short term relief
83
foot orthoses plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL A - should use foot orthoses to support medial longitudinal arch and cushion heel to improve function and reduce pain for short to long term periods
84
night splints plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL A - should prescribe a 1-3 month program of night splints
85
physical agents plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL D - electrotherapy: should use MT over electrotherapy, can use iontophoresis for short term relief LVL C - low level laser: may use - phonophoresis: may use - ultrasound: do not use
86
footwear plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL C - rocker bottom shoe construction - shoe rotation during work week
87
education for weight loss plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL E - may provide counseling - may refer to appropriate healthcare practitioner
88
exercise and neuromuscular re-ed plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL F - may prescribe strengthening exercises and movement training to control pronation
89
dry needling plantar fasciitis 2014
LVL F - cannot recommend
90
syndesmotic articulation 3 major ligaments
anterior inferior TFL posterior inferior TFL interosseous ligament
91
tests for high ankle sprain
- external rotation test - squeeze test - point test - dorsiflexion maneuver - one legged hop test
92
average cadence
101-122 step per min
93
most common nerves entrapped in lower leg
common peroneal, superficial peroneal, saphenous superficial: dancers, athletes common: runners and cycling
94
peroneal tendinitis
treatment includes NSAID's, lateral heel wedge, PT and possible immobilization
95
painful os peroneum syndrome
- NSAID, lateral heel wedge, PT and immobilization

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