Ankle & Foot

Question 1

3 major joints of the ankle and foot

Answer 1

talocrural
subtalar
transverse tarsal

Question 2

Which tarsal bone is of the most importance clinically?

Answer 2

talus

Question 3

What percent of the talus’ surface is covered with articular cartilage?

Answer 3

70%

Question 4

Most movements of the ankle move about what kind of axis?

Answer 4

oblique

Question 5

Pronation is the combined motion of what 3 movements?

Answer 5

eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion

Question 6

Supination is the combined motion of what 3 movements?

Answer 6

inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion

Question 7

The articulation of the talus with the distal end of the tibia and both malleoli is called what?

Answer 7

Talocrural joint

Question 8

The talocrural joint is often referred to as the ____ joint

Answer 8

mortise

Question 9

The proximal portion of the talocrural joint is con___.

Answer 9

concave

Question 10

Approximately __% to __% of the compressive forces pass through the talus and tibia; the remaining _% to __% pass through the lateral region of the talus and the fibula

Answer 10

90-95

5-10

Question 11

What characteristic of the talocural joint protects the subchondral bone from damaging stress?

Answer 11

The 3mm of articular cartilage that line the joint

Question 12

3 lateral collateral ligaments

Answer 12

anterior and posterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligaments

Question 13

Which lateral ligament is the most frequently injured?

Answer 13

The anterior talofibular ligament

Question 14

During dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint the talus rolls ____ and slides _____.

Answer 14

anteriorly

posteriorly

Question 15

During plantarflexion at the talocrural joint the talus rolls ____ and slides _____.

Answer 15

posteriorly

anteriorly

Question 16

Is the talocrural joint more stabledully dorsiflexed or plantarflexed?

Answer 16

dorsiflexed

Question 17

Extreme and violent dorsiflexion of the ankle can cause what?

Answer 17

Damage to the ankle mortise called a high ankle sprain

Question 18

Which motion is most important to train/rehab in?

Answer 18

Dorsiflexion

Question 19

Which motion is most important to restore in an injury?

Answer 19

dorsiflexion

Question 20

The subtalar joint is an articulation between what 2 bones?

Answer 20

talus and calcaneus

Question 21

What movements occur at the subtalar joint?

Answer 21

Pronation and supination

Question 22

What aspect of the subtalar articulation is the most prominent?

Answer 22

The posterior articulation of the subtalar joint occupies about 70% of the total articular surface area

Question 23

What 2 ligaments provide the most stability to the subtalar joint?

Answer 23

• interosseous (talocalcaneal)

- cervical

Question 24

What motion do the interosseous (talocalcaneal) and cervical ligaments limit the most?

Answer 24

inversion

Although they limit the extremes of all motions

Question 25

What is the primary function of the calcaneofibular ligament at the subtalar joint?

Answer 25

Limits excessive inversion

Question 26

What is the primary function of the tibiocalcaneal fibers of the deltoid ligament at the subtalar joint?

Answer 26

Limits excessive inversion

Question 27

The subtalar axis of rotation is positioned __ degrees from the horizontal plane and __ degrees from the sagittal plane

Answer 27

42 | 16

Question 28

Pronation and supination of the subtalar joint occur as the _____ moves relative to the ____.

Answer 28

calcaneus | talus

Question 29

Does more movement occur at the subtalar or talocrural joint?

Answer 29

subtalar

Question 30

How much inversion and eversion occur at the subtalar joint?

Answer 30

- inversion = 22.6 degrees | - eversion = 12.5 degrees

Question 31

Why is inversion so much greater than eversion?

Answer 31

The lateral malleolus and the relatively thick deltoid ligament naturally limit eversion

Question 32

The transverse tarsal joint consists of what 2 distinct articulations?

Answer 32

- talonavicular joint | - calcaneocuboid joint

Question 33

What joints connect the rearfoot with the midfoot?

Answer 33

the 2 midtarsal (transverse tarsal) joints

Question 34

What is the main function of the transverse tarsal joint?

Answer 34

Works cooperatively with the subtalar joint to control most of the pronation and supination posturing of the entire foot

Question 35

What motions occur at the talonavicular joint?

Answer 35

twisting (inverting and everting) of the midfoot relative to the rearfoot

Question 36

What are the 3 components of the talonavicular joint?

Answer 36

- Talus - Navicular - Spring Ligament

Question 37

What component of the talonavicular joint forms the floor and medial wall?

Answer 37

spring ligament

Question 38

The calcaneocuboid joint composes the ____ component of the transverse tarsal joint.

Answer 38

lateral

Question 39

What forms the calcaneocuboid joint?

Answer 39

the anterior (distal) surface of the calcaneus and the proximal surface of the cuboid

Question 40

The amount of pure inversion and eversion of the midfoot is about __ to __ degrees of inversion and __ to __ degrees of eversion

Answer 40

20 - 25 | 10 - 15

Question 41

Which arch of the foot is the primary load-bearing and shock absorber

Answer 41

Medial Longitudinal Arch

Question 42

What bones form the medial arch of the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 42

- calcaneus - talus - navicular - cuneiforms - associated three medial metatarsals

Question 43

What is the main structure that maintains the height of the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 43

the deep plantar fascia

Question 44

What is pes planus?

Answer 44

a flattening of the arch during weight bearing activities

Question 45

What is rigid pes planus?

Answer 45

a dropped arch even in non-weight bearing positions

Question 46

Flexible pes planus is associated with dysfunction of what muscle?

Answer 46

the tibialis posterior muscle

Question 47

What is pes cavus?

Answer 47

An abnormally raised medial longitudinal arch

Question 48

Exaggerated pronation at the subtalar joint leads to what actions at the hip?

Answer 48

Internal rotation, flexion, and adduction

Question 49

Exaggerated pronation at the subtalar joint leads to what actions at the knee?

Answer 49

Increased valgus stress

Question 50

Exaggerated pronation at the subtalar joint leads to what actions at the foot?

Answer 50

Lowering of medial longitudinal arch

Question 51

What motions occur at the first tarsometatarsal joint?

Answer 51

plantar flexion occurs with slight eversion, and dorsiflexion with slight inversion

Question 52

What is Hallux Limitus

Answer 52

"turf toe" | limited motion of the great toe

Question 53

What is the most common MOI of hallux limitus?

Answer 53

forceful hyerpextension

Question 54

What is hallux valgus?

Answer 54

"bunion" | progressive lateral deviation of the great toe

Question 55

Hallux valgus is associated with excessive ____ of the first metatarsal

Answer 55

adduction

Question 56

All muscles that plantarflex the talocrural joint also ____ the subtalar or transverse tarsal joints

Answer 56

invert

Question 57

What are the 3 primary supinators of the foot?

Answer 57

- tibialis posterior - flexor hallucis longus - flexor digitorum longus Tom, Dick, and Harry