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High Risk OB > Anomalies in Polyhydramnios 1 > Flashcards

Anomalies in Polyhydramnios 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

High amount of amniotic fluid

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2
Q

Poly measurement for AFI

A

> 24 cm

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3
Q

Poly measurement for SDP

A

> 8 cm

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4
Q

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

A

cerebral hemispheres do not connect

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5
Q

Characteristics associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum

A

elevation of the 3rd ventricle, tear drop sign (dilatation of the occipital horns), absence of CSP, steer sign (outward angling of the frontal horns)

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6
Q

Acrania is also called?

A

Exencephaly

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7
Q

Exencephaly

A

Absence of calvarium; has brain tissue

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8
Q

Characteristics of exencephaly

A

Normal facial bones, lack of echogenic bony calvaria, single brain mass protruding from head

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9
Q

What is the most common neural tube defect?

A

Anencephaly

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10
Q

Anencephaly

A

Cephalic end of neural tube does not completely close; absence of brain tissue

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11
Q

Anencephaly has an increase in what lab value?

A

AFP

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12
Q

Characteristics of anencephaly

A

bulging eyes (frog face), increase in fetal activity, elevated AFP

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13
Q

Characteristics of iniencephaly

A

defect of occipital bone (posterior encephalocele), spina bifida of C spine, stargazing sign (retroflexion of the head)

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14
Q

Encephalocele

A

protrusion of brain through defect in skull covered by membrane

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15
Q

In which region of the head are encephaloeceles more common?

A

occipital

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16
Q

True or False: An encephalocele has elevated AFP

A

False; contained in membrane

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17
Q

Characteristics of Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

Spina bifida aperta, lemon shaped skull, banana-shaped cerebellum (obliterated CM), ventriculomegaly

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18
Q

A lemon-shaped skull is only found with?

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

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19
Q

Type I Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

without meningocele

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20
Q

Type II Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

with meningocele

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21
Q

Characteristics of Dandy-Walker Malformation

A

enlarged posterior fossa, splaying of cerebellar hemispheres, complete or partial agenesis of vermis

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22
Q

An enlarged posterior fossa is also called a?

A

posterior fossa cyst

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23
Q

A missing vermis is only seen with?

A

Dandy-Walker Malformation

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24
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

disorder from abnormal development of prosencephalon (forebrain)

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25
What is the most severe form of holoprosencephaly
Alobar
26
Characteristics of alobar holoprosencephaly
horseshoe ventricle (monoventricle), fused thalami,
27
Characteristics of holoprosencephaly
hypotelorism (cyclopia if severe), proboscis-like nose, arrhinia (absent nose)
28
Hydraencephaly
Brain tissue is replaced by CSF
29
TORCHS can cause?
hydraencephaly, porencephaly, schizencephaly, arachnoid cyst
30
Characteristics of hydraencephaly
anechoic head with midline falx
31
What does TORCHS stand for?
toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, syphilis, parvovirus
32
Porencephaly
unilateral or bilateral cystic defects in brain
33
Characteristics of porencephaly
cystic areas that **can** communicate with ventricles
34
Schizencephaly
clefts in cerebral cortex
35
Characteristics of schizencephaly
fluid filled open or closed clefts, absence of CSP and corpus callosum
36
Characteristics of an arachnoid cyst
midline, fluid filled cyst, **cannot** communicate with ventricular system
37
Choroid plexus cyst
unilateral or bilateral cysts within choroid plexus due to folds
38
True or False: A choroid plexus cyst has a poor prognosis
False; good prognosis
39
Vein of Galen aneurysm
**not a true aneurysm**, arteriovenous malformation, dilated internal cerebral vein
40
Characteristics of a VGAM
round, fluid filled structure at midline, lights up with color
41
True or False: Cervical teratomas are usually benign
True
42
Where are cervical teratomas most common?
anterolateral neck region
43
Why is a cervical teratomas associated with polyhydramnios?
mass compresses with esophagus and interferes with fetal swallowing
44
Hydrocephalus
Increase in ventricular volume of CSF; ventriculomegaly
45
Characteristics of hydrocephalus
frontal bossing, dilated lateral ventricles (>10mm), bell clapper sign (dangling of choroid plexus)
46
Spina bifida
Failure of the neural tube to close completely
47
Characteristics of spina bifida occulta
defect is **covered** by soft tissue; normal AFP
48
Characteristics of spina bifida aperta
defect is **uncovered**, high AFP
49
In which plane is splaying of the spine best seen?
Transverse
50
Rachischisis
complete spina bifida; entire spine is affected
51
On which portion of the spine is spina bifida most common?
lumbar
52
Myelomeningocele
Herniation of vertebral column where sac contains **spinal cord**, meninges, CSF
53
Meningocele
Herniation of vertebral column where sac contains meninges and CSF **only**
54
What is the most common tumor found in newborns?
sacrococcygeal teratoma
55
True or False: Sacrococcygeal teratomas are usually malignant
False; usually benign
56
What is the difference in location of a meningocele and a sacrococcygeal teratoma?
Meningocele is usually on lumbar spine which a sacrococcygeal teratoma is more towards the sacrum and coccyx (baby's butt)
57
Epignathus
benign tumor that originates in the palate/pharynx and grows into the mouth
58
Types of facial cleft
unilateral, bilateral, median
59
Characteristics of facial cleft
perpetually open mouth, break in lip
60
Hypotelorism
Eyes are abnormally close together
61
What is the normal distance between orbits?
one orbit
62
Hypoterlorism is associated with?
Holoprosencephaly
63
Hypertelorism
Eyes are abnormally far apart
64
What is hypertelorism related to?
craniosynostosis and anterior cephaloceles
65
Microphtalmos
reduction in the size of the orbit
66
Cyclops
AKA synophthalmia, orbits fuse into one singular orbit
67
Cyclops is associated with?
holoprosencephaly
68
Macroglossia
hypertrophy of the tongue
69
Micrognathia
small mandible; small chin with overbite

High Risk OB (12 decks)

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