ANP 21

Question 1

The study of the earth

Answer 1

Geology

Question 2

Earth’s physical structure and substances, its history, and the processes that act on it

Answer 2

Geology

Question 3

“The study of “ (-ology) + Greek words for “ancient/old” (paleos) and “existence” (ontos), the study of ancient/old existence. Deeply entwined with geology

Answer 3

Paleontology

Question 4

Preserve remnants of once-living things

Answer 4

Fossils

Question 5

The study of ancient/old humans

Answer 5

paleoanthropology

Question 6

Study of what happens to a dead organism from the time of death to the time of discovery

Answer 6

Taphonomy

Question 7

Biological process that work against making fossils

Answer 7

Decomposition, other animals, remains on the surface are unlikely to become fossilized unless buried, weathering

Question 8

Geological process to help make fossils

Answer 8

burial, water, wind, per-mineralization, petrification

Question 9

After burial, skeletal material absorbs minerals from the soil or ground water, replacing organic tissues

Answer 9

per mineralization

Question 10

The process of being turned to stone

Answer 10

Petrification

Question 11

A fossil without the ______ is useless, except perhaps as a pretty object on the mantelpiece

Answer 11

Context

Question 12

Latin for “layers”

Answer 12

Strata

Question 13

The study of the distribution of these layers

Answer 13

Stratigraphy

Question 14

The assumption that the natural laws and processes that operate in our present-day scientific observations have always operated the same in the universe in the past

Answer 14

Uniformitarianism

Question 15

Geological principles of stratigraphy

Answer 15

principle of; superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity

Question 16

The earth itself is _______ years ago

Answer 16

~4.5 billion

Question 17

Proterozoic

Answer 17

Eons

Question 18

Paleozoic, Mesozoic and cenozoic

Answer 18

Eras

Question 19

Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous

Answer 19

Periods

Question 20

Paleocene, Eocene…..Pleistocene and Holocene

Answer 20

Epochs

Question 21

Humans and primate evolution occurs only in the ________ era or about the last ________ years

Answer 21

Cenozoic Era, 65 million

Question 22

key to be able to date a fossil is knowing the precise location from which the fossil has come

Answer 22

Provenience

Question 23

The field of geology devoted to studying time in the fossil record

Answer 23

geochronology

Question 24

techniques tell us how old something is in relation to something else without applying an actual chronological age

Answer 24

Relative dating

Question 25

Fossils found in strata that is below another layer of strata must be ______ than the fossil above it

Answer 25

older

Question 26

The principle of faunal succession and index fossils

Answer 26

biostratigraphy

Question 27

Using the characteristics of the rock layers to correlate across resigns

Answer 27

Lithostratigraphy

Question 28

Using the biological organism found in rocks to correlate age between sites and across regions, providing age estimates for fossils found at these sites

Answer 28

Biostratigraphy

Question 29

Good index fossils are:

Answer 29

Geographically widespread, vary anatomically through short time, went extinct quickly

Question 30

The identification of a volcanic ash by its chemical fingerprint of major, minor, and trace elements.

Answer 30

Tephrostratigraphy

Question 31

Records the orientation of sediments from different intervals in the past

Answer 31

Geomagnetic Polarity time Scale (GPTS)

Question 32

sequence of changes in the magnetism of ancient layers

Answer 32

paleomagnetism

Question 33

The Half life of K-Ar

Answer 33

1.26 billion years

Question 34

The _______ is the time it takes for 50% of the original parent isotope to change to a daughter isotope

Answer 34

Half life

Question 35

Used to date rocks from between 4.6 billion year ago to ~10,000 YEARS AGO

Answer 35

volcanic rock

Question 36

Fission track dating

Answer 36

~100,000 years ago to 10 million years ago

Question 37

Measures the accumulation of microscopic linear traces of radiation damage in natural gasses

Answer 37

Fission Track dating

Question 38

Electrons (-) collect and are trapped in spaces within crystalline materials during exposure to environmental radiation

Answer 38

Luminescence Dating

Question 39

There are two types of electron traps in crystalline materials, allows researchers a way to realize/measure the electrons

Answer 39

heat traps and light traps

Question 40

release stored electrons when the crystalline material is heated to 500+ degrees centigrade

Answer 40

heat traps

Question 41

release stored electrons when the crystalline material is exposed to UV (sunlight) or inferred light

Answer 41

Light traps

Question 42

Uses heat to free trapped electrons which result in the emission of light, uses heat to zeros out the heat sensitive electron traps

Answer 42

Thermoluminescence (TL)

Question 43

Quantifies the number of trapped electrons by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed

Answer 43

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

Question 44

Frees trapped electrons and them measures the emitted light, uses light to zero out the light sensitive electron traps

Answer 44

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)

Question 45

used far back as 0.5 mya

Answer 45

Thermoluminescence (TL)

Question 46

used from present to 10 mya

Answer 46

Electron Spin Resonance

Question 47

Used from present to 200,000 years

Answer 47

Optically Stimulated Luminescence