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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 1 (LO1) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 1 (LO1) Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Define anatomy

A

The structure of the body

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

How the body functions

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3
Q

Define Pathophysiology

A

The study of the processes that disturb normal function

Patho means suffering or disease

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4
Q

Define Atoms

A

Smallest unit of matter

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5
Q

Define molecules

A

Atoms organized into various structures

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6
Q

Define organelles

A

The metabolic units within a cell that performs a specific function necessary to the life of the cell

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7
Q

Define cells

A

The smallest living units that make up the body’s structure

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8
Q

Define tissue

A

Specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function

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9
Q

Organs

A

Structures of two or more tissue types working together to carry out a particular function

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10
Q

Define a human organism

A

One complete individual

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11
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue

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12
Q

Define epithelial tissue

A

Covers or lines body surface

Ex outer layer of the skin, walls of capillaries and kidney tubes

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13
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Connects and supports parts of the body; some transport and stores materials

Ex bone, cartilage, and adipose tissues

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14
Q

Define muscle tissue

A

Contracts to produce movement

Ex skeletal muscles and the heart

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15
Q

Define Nerve tissue

A

Generates and transmits impulses to regulate body function

Ex brain and nerves

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16
Q

Define organ systems

A

Organs of each system contribute to a particular function

Some organs belong to more than one system

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17
Q

What are the 11 organ systems

A 
Integumentary system
Endocrine system
Urinary system
Circulatory system
Nervous system
Reproductive system
Skeletal system
Digestive system
Muscular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
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18
Q

What does the Integumentary system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of skin, hair and nails

Key functions: protections, temperature regulation, water retention and sensation

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19
Q

What does the Sleletal system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments

Key functions: protection if organs, support, movement and blood formation

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20
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen and tonsils

Key functions: role in fluid balance, production of immune cells, defence against disease

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21
Q

What does the muscular system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of skeletal muscles

Key functions: movement, posture and heat production

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22
Q

What does the Respiratory system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Key functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid base balance and speech

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23
Q

What does the Urinary system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Key functions: excretion of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure control of fluid electrolyte and acid-base balance

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24
Q

What does the Nervous system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs

Key functions: control, regulation + coordination of other systems, sensation and memory

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25
What does the endocrine system consist of and it’s key functions
Consists if the pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids and other organs Key functions: hormone production, control and regulation of other systems
26
What does the Circulatory system consist of and it’s key functions
Consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries Key functions: distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance
27
What does the digestive system consist of and it’s key functions
Consists of the stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth and pancreas Key functions: breakdown and absorption of nutrients; elimination of wastes
28
What does the Male reproductive system consist of and it’s key functions
Consists of the testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles and penis Key functions: production and delivery of sperm, secretion of sex hormones
29
What does the female reproductive system consist of and it’s key functions
Consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and breasts Key functions: production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development; birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones
30
Define midline
Down the centre of the body splitting it i to right and left halves
31
Define medial
Toward the midline of the body
32
Define lateral
Away from the midline of the body
33
Define distal
Farthest from the point of orgin
34
Define proximal
Closest to the point if orgin
35
Define Superior
Above
36
Define Inferior
Below
37
Define Anterior( ventral)
Toward the front of the body
38
Define posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back of the body
39
Define Superficial
At or near the body’s surface
40
Define deep
Away from the body’s surface
41
Define body planes
Divide the body or an organ into sections
42
Define sagittal plane
Divides the body lengthwise into right and left Also called midsagittal if the section is made exactly at the midline
43
Define transverse plane
Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower Also called a horizontal plane
44
Define frontal plane
Divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions Also called coronal plane
45
Body regions ``` Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Cervical Otic Occipital Vertebral ```
``` Head Forhead Eye Nose Cheek Mouth Neck Surrounding brain Ear Back of head Spine ```
46
Body regions ``` Sternal Pectoral Mammary Abdominal Pelvic Inguinal Pubic Scapular Lumbar Sacral Gluteal ```
``` Sternum Chest Breast Abdomen Pelvis Groin Pubis Scapula Lower back Butt crack Buttock ```
47
Body regions ``` Deltoid Axillary Brachial Antecubial Anterbrachial Carpal Palmar Perineal Popliteal Calcaneal Plantar ```
``` Shoulder Armpit Arm Front elbow Fore arm Wrist Palm In between legs Back of knee Heel Sole of feet ```
48
Define body cavities
House intenal organs
49
What are the body cavities
Ventral Thoracic Abdominopelvic pleural +Mediastinum Abdomen+pelvic Dorsal Cranial cavity. Spinal cavity
50
Ventral cavity
Located in the front of the body Consists if 2 components Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity Divided by the diaphragm
51
Thoracic cavity
Surrounded by ribs and chest muscles Subdivided into 2 pleural cavities Each containing a lung and the mediastinum
52
What does the Mediastrinum cavity contain?
Heart And large vessels Trachea Esophagus Thymus Lymph nodes other blood vessels and nerves
53
Abdominopelvic cavity
Subdivided into pelvic and abdominal cavities
54
What does the abdominal cavity contain
Stomach Intestines Spleen Liver Other organs
55
What does the Pelvic cavity contain
Bladder Some reproductive organs Rectum
56
Dorsal cavity
Located at the back of the body Contains two divisions but one is one continuous cavity Cranial cavity and spinal cavity
57
Cranial cavity
Formed by the skull Contains the brain
58
Spinal cavity
Formed by the vertebrae Contains the spinal cord
59
Define regions
Used to locate organs
60
Define Quadrants
Used to pinpoint the site of abdominal pain
61
What are the 9 abdominal regions
Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right illiac region Hypogastric region Left illiac region
62
What’s included in the right hypochondriac region
Liver Gallbladder Right kidney
63
Whats included in the epigastric region?
Stomach Liver Pancreas Right/left kidneys
64
Left hypochondriac region
Stomach Liver Left kidney Spleen
65
Whats included in the right lumbar region
Liver Small intestines Ascending colon Right kidney
66
Whats included in the umbilical region
Stomach Pancreas Small intestines Transverse colon
67
Whats included in the left lumbar region
Small intestines Descending colon Left kindey
68
Whats included in the right illiac region
Small intestines Appendix Cecum and ascending colon
69
Whats included in the Hypogastric region
Small intestines Sigmoid colon Bladder
70
What’s included in the left illiac region
Small intestines Descending colon Sigmoid colon
71
Whats in the right upper quadrant
``` Liver Stomach Right kidney Pancreas Gallbladder Right adrenal gland ```
72
Whats in the left upper abdominal quadrant
``` Liver Left kidney Stomach Spleen Pancreas Left adrenal gland ```
73
Whats in the right lower abdominal quadrant
Appendix Reproductive organs Right ureter
74
Whats in the Left lower quadrant
Left ureter | Reproductive organs
75
Define Homeostasis
Maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium despite changes in external conditions
76
Define dynamic equilibrium
Body must make constant changes to maintain balance
77
Define set point/ range
Normal body temp, fluid and chemical levels
78
What are the bodys norms or set point
Temp 97°-99°F or 36-37.2°c Potassium 3.5-5.3mmol/L Glucose 65-99mg/dL Calcium 8.5-10.4 mg/ dL Carbon dioxide 21-33 mmol/ L Sodium 135-146 mmol/L Chloride 98-110mmol/ L
79
Organ systems roles in homeostasis ``` Nervous system Cardiovascular system Muscular system Integumentary system Endocrine system Digestive system ```
Nervous system: the hypothalamus in the brain contains the bodys “thermostat” Cardiovascular system: blood vessels constrict to conserve heat Muscular system: the muscles contract to cause shivering, which generates heat Integumentary system: sweat production steps and goos bumps for which creates an insulating layer Endocrine system: thyroid hormone production increase metabolism which raises body temp Digestive system: the metabolism of food and stored fat generates heat
80
3 parts if homeostasis regulation
1) receptor- receives info about a change in the environment 2) control centre- receives and processes info from the receptor 3) effector- responds to signals from the control centre by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus
81
Define feedback
The signal sent by the effector It can either be positive or negative
82
Define Negative feedback
When the effector opposes the stimulus (such as dropping temp) and reverses the direction of change (causing temp to rise)
83
Define postive feedback
When the effector reinforces the stimulus (such as uterine contractions during childbirth which trigger the release of the hormone oxytocin) and amplifies the direction of change (causing even greater contractions and further release of oxytocin)
84
Do most systems operate by negative or positive feed back?
Negative Only a few situation where positive feedback is beneficial such as blood clotting and child birth More often positive feed back is harmful

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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