AnP Chapter 2 (LO2) Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
96% of the body consists of
A
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
2
Q
Matter
A
anything that has mass and occupies space
Can either be elements or compounds
3
Q
Elements
A
pure substances
Can’t be broken down or decomposed into 2 or more substances
4
Q
Compounds:
A
chemical combinations of 2 or more elements
5
Q
how many elements known to exist? how many are in the body?
A
Of the 92 elements known to exist in nature 24 are in the body
6
Q
Major elements
A
98.5% of the body’s weight
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus
7
Q
Lesser elements
A
Make up 0.8% of the body’s weight
Sulfur Potassium Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Iron
8
Q
Trace elements
A
Make up just 0.7% of body’s weight but necessary for proper function
9
Q
ATOMS
A
Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
10
Q
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
A
Found in nucleus
No 2 elements have same number of protons
Number of protons equals atomic number
Number of protons plus neutrons equals atomic weight
11
Q
ELECTRONS
A
Found around nucleus
It’s negative charge cancels out the protons positive
Each electron ring represents one energy level
Each ring can hold a certain max # of electrons
The ring closest to the nucleus can hold 2 the rest can hold 8
12
Q
ISOTOPES
A
Same number of protons but different number of neurons
Some isotopes are unstable
13
Q
Radioisotopes
A
unstable isotopes break down or decay and emit radioactivity radiation
14
Q
CHEMICAL BONDS
A
Atoms with full shell are stable
Unstable atoms lose or gain electrons to become stable
Chemical bonds result in a molecule
3 types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and hydrogen
15
Q
Valence electrons
A
outer electron shell
16
Q
IONIC BONDS
A
Formed when one atom transfers an electron from it’s outer shell to another atom
17
Q
Ions:
A
electrically charged atom
18
Q
Cations
A
atoms with a positive charge
19
Q
Anions
A
atoms with a negative charge
20
Q
IONIZATION
A
Positively or negatively charged ions solution created by ionic bonds breaking and dissolving (disassociate) in the water
21
Q
Electrolytes
A
solution capable of conducting electricity
Electrolytes are crucial for heart nerve and muscle function; the distribution of water in the body and the occurrence of chemical reactions
22
Q
Major electrolytes in the body include:
A
Calcium chloride
Magnesium chloride
Potassium chloride
Sodium bicarbonate
23
Q
COVALENT BONDS
A
Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons as they attempt to fill their outer shell ex: H2
24
Q
Double covalent bonds
A
atoms are bound together through sharing of 2 electrons ex: c02
25
HYDROGEN BONDS
Weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative 02 or N2 atom in another
O2 shares 2 elements with H’s resulting in 4 electrons in it’s outer shell giving h20 a partial negative charge
The 2 hydrogen atoms create a slight positive
H20 is polar
26
Polar
electrically neutral but has uneven # of electrons
27
Energy
the capacity to do work; to put matter into motion example in the body moving a muscle or a blood cell
28
Potential energy
energy stored in the bonds of molecules.
The energy has the potential to do work; it’s just not doing work at the moment
29
Kinetic energy
energy in motion; chemical reactions release the energy and make it available for the body to use
30
Radiant energy
heat resulting from molecular motion
31
Electrical energy
can be potential energy or kinetic energy
32
Metabolism:
the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body
33
Catabolism
Involves breaking down complex compounds (large food) into simpler ones
The breaking of chemical bonds releases energy
Some of the released energy is in heat form, helps maintain body temp
Most of it is transferred to a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which then transfers the energy to the cells
34
Anabolism
Involves building larger and more complex chemical molecules (such as carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) from smaller subunits
Anabolic chemical reactions require energy input
The energy needed for anabolic reactions
35
chemical reactions
Involves the formation or breaking of chemical bonds
36
Synthesis reaction and example
2 or more substances combine to form a complex substance because new bonds are formed energy is required
A+B ---> AB
Ex) production of collagen rich scar tissue in a healing wound
37
Decomposition
a complex substance breaks down into 2 or more simpler substances because bonds are broken, energy is released; this energy can be released in the form of heat or stored for future use
AB ---> A+B
Ex) breakdown of a complex nutrient within a cell to release energy for other cellular functions
38
Exchange
two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms which form two new compounds
AB+CD -->AC+BD
Ex) when hydrochloric acid (HCL) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03) meet in the small intestine, the sodium and chloride atoms exchange, producing salt and bicarbonate NaHC03 + HCL --> NaCl + H2C03
39
REVERSABLE REACTIONS
Can go in either direction under different circumstances
These are symbolized by arrows pointed in both directions A+B AB
Always proceed from the side with the greater quantity of reactants
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Factors that affect reaction rates: Temperature
heat speeds up molecular movement, increasing the frequency and force of collisions between molecules
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Factors that affect reaction rates: Concentrations
in concentrated solutions, molecules are more densely packed increasing their rate of Collison
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Factors that affect reaction rates: Catalysts
there are chemical substances that speed up the rate of a reaction
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Factors that affect reaction rates: Enzymes
protein catalysts
44
most metabolic reactions inside cells are controlled by:
enzymes
45
Organic compounds
compounds containing carbon
46
Inorganic compounds
simple molecules without carbon
47
water
50% or more of an adults body weight is water
Exists within and around cells
Essential component of blood
Water has a number of characteristics that make it essential for life
48
Solvent:
dissolves more substances than any other liquid
49
How it works in the body (water): solvent
Because of its polar nature, water can ionize, or break down, large chemical compounds and then transport them to the body’s cells
50
How it works in the body (water): lubricant
H20 clinging to the pleural and pericardial membranes help reduce friction as the lungs and heart expand and contract and fluid in joints help prevent friction
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h20 as Lubricant
clings to the body’s tissues and form a lubricating film on membranes
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h20 temp characteristic
Changes temp slowly
53
How it works in the body (water): Changes temp slowly
Allows the body to maintain a stable body temp. it allows the body to “cool off” when sweat changes from a liquid to a vapour, it carries with it layer amount of heat
54
BODY FLUIDS
Fluids in the body consist of chemicals dissolved or suspended in H20
55
Compound
when 2 or more elements combine to create a new substance that has its own chemical properties
56
Mixture
results when two or more substances blend together rather than chemically combine. Each substance can be separated
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3 TYPES OF MIXTURES
solution
colloid
suspension
58
Solution
consists of particles of matter, called the solute, dissolved in a more abundant substance usually H20 called the solvent
Can be solid, gas or liquid
Solvent must be clear with no particles visible and can’t separate when the solution is allowed to stand ex) sugar in water, glucose in blood
59
Colloid
can change from liquid to a gel
usually mixtures of protein and water
mixture is cloudy
ex) gelatin, thyroid hormone
60
Suspension
contain large particles, making the suspension cloudy or even opaque
If allowed to stand, the particles will separate and settle at the bottom of the container ex) salad dressing, blood cells in plasma
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Cellular respirations
the production of energy within cells
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Organic
compounds containing carbon
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4 major organic substances
carbs, lipids, protein and nucleic acids
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CARBOHYDRATES
Body’s main energy source
Metabolism breaks down carbs to release stored energy
Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
consist of units of sugar called saccharide units
Carbs are classified according to the length of their sugar units as being either monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides
65
MONOSACCHARIDES (C6H1206)
Contains one sugar unit
3 primary monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
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Glucose
the primary source of energy used by most of the body’s cells
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Fructose
found in fruit; it’s converted to glucose in the body
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Galactose
found n dairy products; it’s also converted to glucose in the body
69
DISACCHARIDES
sucrose
lactose
maltose
70
Sucrose:
(table sugar) = glucose and fructose
71
Lactose:
(milk sugar)= glucose and galactose
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Maltose:
(found in germinating wheat)= glucose and glucose
73
POLYSACCHARIDES
Consists of many sugar units joined together
Commonly called complex carbs, polysaccharides include:
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
74
Glycogen
the stored form of glucose
When glucose levels are high the liver converts excess glucose into glycogen. When levels drop the liver converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it into the blood
Muscles store glycogen to meet energy needs
75
Starch
the form which plants store polysaccharides
-when consumed, digestive enzymes split the starch molecule, releasing glucose
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cellulose
produced by plant cells as part of cell walls
- humans can’t digest cellulose and therefore don’t obtain energy or nutrients from it
- cellulose supplies fiber in the diet, which helps more materials through intestines
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LIPIDS
mostly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
They’re insoluble in H20
78
major roles of lipids
```
supply of energy
Insulate
Providing structure to cell membranes
vitamins
Cushion to protect organs
```
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TYPES OF LIPIDS
Triglycerides, steroids and phospholipids
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TRIGLYCERIDES
Most abundant lipid
source of energy
one molecule of glycerol combines with 3 fatty acids
Fats can be classified as saturated or unsaturated
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Saturated fatty acids
Consists of carbon that’s saturated with hydrogen
Form a solid mass at room temperature
Usually derived from animal sources
82
Unsaturated fatty acids
Consists of carbon that’s not saturated with hydrogen
Liquid at room temperature (oil)
Derived mostly from plant sources
83
STERIODS
Diverse group with variety of roles
cholesterol
84
Cholesterol
most important steroid
- precursor for other steroids
- contributes to the formation of vitamin D
- provides each cell with it’s 3D structure
- required for proper nerve function
- about 85% of cholesterol is synthesized in the liver the remaining 15% is consumed through diet
85
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Fat compounds similar to triglycerides except have a phosphate group in place of one of the fatty acids
Help form the structure of cell membranes
86
PROTEINS
Most abundant and most important, organic compounds in the body
Structure of every cell and metabolic functions depend on proteins
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TYPES OF PROTEINS
```
keratin
collagen
antibodies
enzymes
contractile protein
hemoglobin
insulin
amino acids
```
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Keratin
gives strength to nails, hair, and skin surface
89
collagen
lends structure to bones, cartilage, and teeth
90
antibodies
defend the body against bacteria
91
Enzymes
act as catalysts for crucial chemical reactions
92
Contractile proteins
promote muscle contraction
93
Hemoglobin
carries oxygen in the blood
94
insulin
serve as chemical messengers to cells
95
Amino acids
smaller chemical subunits of large protein molecules
- all contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
- some have sulfur, iron and phosphorus
- 20 different types: 11 can be manufactured in the lady other 9 must be obtained from food
96
Non-essential amino acids
11
manufactured by the body
```
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Crysteine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
tyrosine
```
97
Essential amino acids
9
essential to obtain them through food
```
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine
```
98
peptide bonds
forms when the carboxyl group of one amino acid links to the amino group of another amino acid this results in a H20 molecule released
99
polypeptide
short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
100
primary structure of protein
consists of a sequence of amino acids in a chain
101
secondary structure of protein
results when the amino acid chain folds or twists
102
tertiary structure of protein
secondary structure twists or folds a second time creating a larger 3D structure
103
quaternary structure of protein
2 or more separate folded chains join together
104
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
the largest molecule in the body carries the genetic code for heredity characteristics
consists of thousands and thousands of smaller molecules called nucleotides
105
RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
usually a simple strand of nucleotides, copies the genetic code of DNA to direct protein synthesis
106
Nucleotide are made of
a 5- carbon sugar (pentose sugar) a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen bases
107
In DNA the sugar is
| In RNA the sugar is
deoxyribose
| ribose
108
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
stores energy from the breakdown of nutrients and provides it to fuel cellular reactions
109
acids
(proton donors)
any substance that releases a hydrogen (H+) when dissolved in H2O
More H+’s produced= weaker acid
110
bases
(proton acceptors)
balances out acids by “accepting”
More OH- 1’s = the stronger the base
111
Ph: abbreviation for
“the power of hydrogen”
112
pH
acidity or alkalinity of a substance
113
normal blood pH
7.35 to 7.45
114
buffers
donate or remove H+ ions to keep pH in normal range
115
ph scale 0-14
acid
neutral
basic
acid- 0-6
neutral 7
basic 8-14
