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ANP Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the skeletal system

A

the entire framework of bones, their cartilages, joints, and ligaments

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2
Q

The adult skeleton contains how many bones

A

206

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3
Q

What are the two skeletal devisions bones are categorized by?

A

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton

A

80 bones

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5
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

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6
Q

What types of bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton consists of bones that form the long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage)

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7
Q

What types of bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

The appendicular skeleton consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

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8
Q

What are the 5 classified bone types?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

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9
Q

Long bones are longer than they are ____?

A

Wide

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10
Q

Most of the bones of the limbs are long bones. What are the long bones for the arm, leg and fingers/toes?

A

(arm) humerus, radius, and ulna; (leg) femur, tibia, and fibula; (fingers and toes) phalanges.

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11
Q

Why are long bones slightly curved?

A

For strength, so that the stress of the body’s weight is evenly distributed at several points.

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12
Q

Compact bone occurs at the ___ of long bones

A

surface, in the diaphysis or shaft region

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13
Q

The dilated extremities or epiphyses of the bone consist of ?

A

Spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

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14
Q

What are short bones?

A

They are cube like in shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness

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15
Q

Where are short bones found?

A

in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles.

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16
Q

What do short bones function

A

They provide stability and support as well as some limited motion

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17
Q

What are flat bones

A

Flat bones are typically thin, it is also often curved.

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18
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and
the ribs.

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19
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs.

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20
Q

What are irregular bones

A

An irregular bone is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification. They have complex shape.

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21
Q

Examples of irregular bone

A

The vertebrae that support the spinal cord and
protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as
irregular bones.

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22
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in
a joint.

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23
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones

A

Sesamoid bones vary in
number and placement from person to person but are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands,
and knees.
The patellae (singular = patella) are the only sesamoid bones found in common with every person

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24
Q

Function of sesamoid bones?

A

The sesamoid bones protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces.

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25
What is the function of long bones?
Leverage
26
articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
27
articulation
where two bone surfaces meet
28
bone
hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
29
canaliculi
(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients
30
cartilage
semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement
31
central canal
longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal
32
closed reduction
manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery
33
compact bone
dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
34
diaphysis
tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
35
diploë
layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones
36
endochondral ossification
process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
37
endosteum
delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity
38
epiphyseal line
completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate
39
epiphyseal plate
(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
40
epiphysis
wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow
41
external callus
Collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture
42
fracture
Broken Bone
43
fracture hematoma
blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone
44
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones
45
hole
opening or depression in a bone
46
hypercalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
47
internal callus
fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone
48
intramembranous ossification
process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
49
irregular bone
bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
50
lacunae
(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte
51
medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
52
modeling
process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another
53
nutrient foramen
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
54
open reduction
surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture
55
orthopedist
doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries
56
osseous tissue
bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
57
ossification
(also, osteogenesis) bone formation
58
ossification center
cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification
59
osteoblast
cell responsible for forming new bone
60
osteoclast
cell responsible for resorbing bone
61
osteocyte
primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix
62
osteogenic cell
undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
63
osteoid
uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
64
osteon
(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix
65
osteoporosis
disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages
66
perforating canal
(also, Volkmann’s canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum
67
perforating canal
(also, Volkmann’s canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum
68
perichondrium
membrane that covers cartilage
69
periosteum
fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments
70
primary ossification center
region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification
71
projection
bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach
72
proliferative zone
region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
73
red marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place
74
remodeling
process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed
75
reserve zone
region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis
76
secondary ossification center
region of bone development in the epiphyses
77
sesamoid bone
small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces
78
skeletal system
organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection
79
spongy bone
(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution
80
trabeculae
(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
81
yellow marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored
82
zone of calcified matrix
region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis
83
zone of calcified matrix
region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis
84
zone of maturation and hypertrophy
region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
85
What are the 8 types of fractures ?
Closed, open, transverse, spiral, comminuted, impacted, greenstick, oblique
86
Transverse fracture
Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone
87
Oblique
Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
88
Spiral
Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion
89
Comminuted
Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments
90
Impacted
One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression
91
Greenstick
A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
92
Open (or compound)
A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk of infection
93
Closed (or simple)
A fracture in which the skin remains intact

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