ANS Flashcards
1
Q
Compare the length of neurons in para/sympathetic nerves
A
2
Q
What is physiological antagonsim
A
3
Q
Compare the action of para/ sympathetic innervation with regard to;
- Pupils
- Bronchi
- Heart Rate
- GIT action
- Defection/ Urination
- Male sex organs
A
4
Q
What are the exceptions to the antagonistic parasympathetic control of the ANS?
A
5
Q
Do muscarinic and a and b adrenic receptors mediate?
A
6
Q
Discuss how a and b receptors are expressed in blood vessels?
A
7
Q
What did Otto Loewi discover?
A
8
Q
What are the 4 steps of neuritransmission?
A
9
Q
What are cholinergic neurons?
A
10
Q
What is the Ach an agonist for?
A
11
Q
What does Ach-esterase do?
A
12
Q
Whys does Ach have limited therapeutic use?
A
13
Q
What is the Cholinergic synapse?
A
14
Q
What is the Adreneric Synapse?
A
15
Q
Why is NA therapeutically useful?
A
16
Q
What are the 2 types of Cholinergic and Adreneric receptors?
A
17
Q
What type are Nicotinic Receptors and what two subtypes does it have?
A
18
Q
What type are Muscarinic Receptors and what 5 subtypes does it have?
A
19
Q
A
20
Q
What type are Adrenergic Receptors and what subtypes does it have? What are a and b associated with?
A
21
Q
What is cholinergic?
A
22
Q
What does the cholinergic system include?
A
23
Q
What are the major cholinergic functions at;
- Autonomic level
- Somatic motor neurons
- In the CNS
A
24
Q
What are 4 cholinergic drug targets?
A
25
What 3 drug classes promote cholinergic transmission (give 2 examples for both)?
26
What 4 drug classes inhibit cholinergic transmission (give examples)?
27
What type of G proteins do the different muscarinic receptors activate?
28
Describe the major muscarinic effects on tissues;
Heart - M2
Blood vessels - M3
Lung Bronchioles - M3
GIT - M3
Stomach - M1
Urinary bladder - M3
Eye - M3
Glands - M3
29
Describe the effects f muscarinic receptor blockade by antagonists on the the following organs;
- heart
- blood vessels
- ling bronchioles
- git
- urinary bladder
- eye
- glands
- stomach
- CNS
30
What is Atropine?
31
Give 5 examples of clinical use of M receptor antagonists.
32
What are nicotinic receptors?
33
What are NMJ blocking agents? Compare non-depolerising and depolerising agents.
34
How do neuromuscular nicotinic receptors work?
35
What is Curare?
36
What is vecuronium?
37
What is does succinylcholine do?
What are its uses and side effects?
38
What is tetany and tetanic fade?
39
What drug targets exocytosis?
40
What is Botulinum toxin?
non FDA approved clinical uses?
Approved clinical uses?
41
How does botulinum toxin work?
Fusion and endocytocis?
Mode of action?
42
What drug targets acetylcholinesterase?
43
Compare medium duration and irreversible AChE inhibitors
44
What are the effects after AchE is inhibited?
45
What is the clinical use of the following AchE inhibitors?
- neostigmine
- physostigmine ecothiopate
- neostigmine, pyridostigmine
46
What is Myathenia gravis?
47
What are symptoms of Myasthenia gravis? What is myasthenia crisis?
48
What is glaucoma?
- definition
- facts
- intraocular pressure effect
49
What are symptoms of Myasthenia gravis? What is myasthenia crisis?
50
Discuss gaucolma.
- definition
- facts
- cause
- therapeutic targeting
51
Glaucoma treatment: Muscarinic receptor agonists.
- pilocarpine
- carbachol
- side effects (systemic and ocular)
- precautions
52
Glaucoma treatment: Beta-blockers
- Timolol
- action
- indication
- side effects (ocular and systemic)
- contraindications
53
a2-adreneric receptor agonists: Apraclonidine
- action
- side effects (ocular)
- contraditions
54
Discuss Overactive Bladder (OAB)
- definition
- facts
- symptoms
- micturition reflex
55
Efferent motor control of storage and voiding phase of bladder
56
Explain the abnormal bladder contraction in OAB
57
Causes and types of OAB
58
Discuss neurogenic causes of OAB
59
Discuss myogenic cause of OAB
60
Discuss how urothelial dysfunction can lead to OAB
61
Treatment of OAB: Muscarinic receptor antagonist
- give 4 examples
- mechanism of action
- clinical trial data for darifenacin
62
What drug-drug interaction do you need to be aware of? Why?
63
What are the adverse effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists?
64
What is a contraindication?
65
What are the contraindications/ cautions of antimuscarinics
66
What are long-term effects of AC medications?
67
Treatment of OAB: b3-adrenergic receptor agonist
68
b2-adrenergic agonist: mirabegron
- mechanism
- indications
- precautions
- side effects
69
Treatment of OAB: Botulinum toxin
- mechanism of action
- benefits
- side effects
70
What are new potential OAB therapy targets
71
Compare parasympathomimetics (3) and anticholinergics (4)
72
What are side effects?
73
Compare on-target and off-target side effects.
74
Define selectivity. How is this used in clinical practice?
75
Compare selectivity vs specificity
76
What key principles control affinity of drug binding?
77
Why do we have different names for adrenaline?
78
Discuss symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction, what is administered, and how it affects the system and side effects.
79
What is heart block/ bradycardia?
80
What are the Adrenergic receptor subtypes?
81
Discuss the effects of adrenergic stimulation of the cardiovascular system.
82
Discuss the effects of adrenergic stimulation on the respiratory system.
83
Discuss the effects of adrenergic stimulation on energy metabolism.
84
Discuss the effects of adrenergic stimulation in the GI and renal systems
85
Discuss the effects of adrenergic stimulation in the eye
86
Draw a table comparing these effects
87
Discuss adrenergic receptor signalling in smooth muscle (a1 and b2/3)
88
Discuss adrenergic receptor signalling in the heart
89
Discuss isoprenaline.
- when you'd use it
- mechanism of action
- adverse effects
- routine administration
- pharmacokinetic parameters
90
Why couldn't you use B1 selective agonists in heart block?
91
Discuss BPH symptoms.
92
Discuss prazosin;
- mechanism of action
- indication
- contradictions
- side effects
93
Discuss ANS pathways that control erection and detumescence.
94
Discuss adrenergic receptor selectivity with regard to BPH.
95
Discuss tamsulosin;
- Mechanism of action
- Indication
- Contraindications
- Side effects
96
Discuss historical muscarinic and adrenergic antagonists for the treatment of asthma.
97
Discuss the cardiovascular effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline and what receptors they act on.
98
What is a proprietary name and an international non-proprietary name?
99
Discuss salbutamol;
- Mechanism of action
- Indications
- Precautions
- Side effects (inhaled v iv/oral v obstetric use)
- Route of administration
100
What is angingina pectoris?
101
Discuss coronary blood flow
102
Discuss the effect of propranolol;
- Mechanism of action
- Indication
- Contradictions
- Side effects
103
What are the signs of hypogylcaemia? How does this relate to b-blockers?
104
Discuss metoprolol;
- Mechanism of action
- indications
- Contradictions
- Side effects
105
How do b-blockers affect blood pressure in healthy vs hypertensive patients?
