ANS

Question 1

ANS

Answer 1

complex network of cells that controls body’s internal state
* regulates & supports many diff internal processes subconsciously
* only part of PNS
* collection of neurons that influence activities

Question 2

Nervous System function

Answer 2

responsible for sensing info, integrating, & controlling response through signal transmission & transduction

Question 3

anatomy of the major branches of NS

Answer 3

CNS: brain & spine

PNS: all neurons outside of brain & spine

Question 4

PNS function

Answer 4

afferent & efferent fibers that relay signlas btwn the CNS & the periphery

Question 5

CNS function

Answer 5

integrative & control centers

Question 6

branches of PNS

Answer 6

afferent division: sensory
* conducts impulses from receptors to CNS

efferent division: motor
* conducts impulses from CNS to effectors
* effectors = muscles & glands

Question 7

branches of efferent division

Answer 7

somatic NS (SNS): voluntary
* CNS to skeletal muscles through neuromuscular junctions

ANS: visceral (involuntary) motor nerve fibers
* conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & glands

Question 8

branches of ANS

Answer 8

sympathetic: fight or flight

parasympathetic: rest & digest
* conserves energy

Question 9

SNS

Answer 9

• sends signals through ANS nerves to adrenal glands
• adrenal glands respond by pumping epinephrine (adrenaline) into bloodstream
• both epinephrine & norepinephrine (NE) are neurotransmitters produced by SNS

Question 10

pancreas

Answer 10

exocrine pancreas: secretion of digestive enzymes & ions & water into duodenum of GI tract
* makes up >95% of pancreatic tissue

endocrine pancreas: controls BG levels by secreting polypeptide hormones insulin & glucagon

Question 11

stress pathway

Answer 11

hypothalamus ➞ secretes CRH ➞ activates pituitary gland ➞ secretes ACTH ➞ signals adrenal gland ➞ secretes gluticorcorticoids

Question 12

stress response

Answer 12

inhibits parasympathetic neurons & activates sympathetic neurons

Question 13

gluticocorticoids

Answer 13

• gluticocorticoid levels remain high with prolonged stress
• cortisol = main one in humans
• cortisol levels ↓ at night
• no sleep = cortisol levels remain high ➞ high BP

Question 14

physiological reactions to gluticocorticoids

Answer 14

1. ↑ BG from ↑ gluticocorticoids & ↓ glucose uptake into skeletal muscles
2. ↑ likelihood of catecholamines ↑ lipolysis & ↑ BP
3. inhibits protein synthesis & ↑ proteolysis
4. is anti-inflammatory & immunosuppressive

Question 15

which gland secretes gluticocorticoids

Answer 15

adrenal cortex of adrenal gland

Question 16

catecholamines

Answer 16

any of a class of aromatic amines that includes a number of neurotransmitters
* ex: epinephrine & dopamine

Question 17

endocrine signaling vs neurotransmitter signaling

Answer 17

endocrine signaling acts via hormones secreted into blood control processes that rely on duration rather than speed

neurotransmitter signaling acts via electrical signals to control rapid responses

Question 18

ANS neurons

Answer 18

• having 2 diff neurons = more control
• both have cholinergic preganglionic neurons: release ACh
• both neurons have cholinergic (nicotinic) receptors

Question 19

preganglionic vs postganglionic fibers

Answer 19

preganglionic: synapses with the cell body of the second neuron

postganglionic: axon of second neuron that innervates the effector organ

Question 20

ganglion

Answer 20

cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 21

nerve

Answer 21

bundle of axons in the PNS

Question 22

ACh: receptor type

Answer 22

cholinergic:
* nicotinic on all preganglionic fibers
* muscarinic on all parasympathetic target organs

Question 23

ACh is secreted from:

Answer 23

• all preganglionic neurons
• all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Question 24

NE receptor type

Answer 24

adrenergic
* cells of specific tissues
* mainly affects blood vessels

Question 25

NE secreted from

Answer 25

postganglionic neurons of SNS

Question 26

NE functions in ANS

Answer 26

* SNS: fight or flight response * more **focused** * ↑ **alertness, arousal, & attention** * constricts **blood vessels** * maintain BP during stress * ↑ systolic BP (SBP)

Question 27

epinephrine receptor type

Answer 27

adrenergic * cells of various tissues/organs * heart, lungs, muscles, vessels

Question 28

epinephrine secreted from

Answer 28

postganglionic fibers of SNS

Question 29

epinephrine functions in ANS

Answer 29

* SNS: fight or flight * ↑ HR * dilate muscles * ↑ breathing * ↑BG * ↑strength & physical performance

Question 30

sympathetic pathway

Answer 30

1. short cholinergic preganglionic fibers ➞ release ACh 2. cholinergic (nicotinic) receptors on postganglionic neurons 3. long adrenergic postganglionic neurons 4. effector organ has adrenergic receptors (⍺ or β)

Question 31

cholinergic vs adrenergic fibers

Answer 31

cholinergic release ACh adrenergic release NE or epinephrine

Question 32

parasympathetic pathway

Answer 32

1. long cholinergic preganglionic fibers 2. nicotinic receptor on short cholinergic postganglionic neuron 4. effector organ has cholinergic receptors (muscarinic)