NPB 101 > HOMEOSTASIS, ORGANIZATION, & intro to NS/ES > Flashcards

HOMEOSTASIS, ORGANIZATION, & intro to NS/ES Flashcards

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1
Q

define homeostasis

A

tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable relatively constant internal envir

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2
Q

smallest unit that can perform the basic functions required of all living things

A

cell

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3
Q

tissue

A

groups of specialized cells working together for the same function

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4
Q

types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. muscular
  3. connective
  4. nervous
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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A

fx: exchanging materials btwn cell & envir, protection, & secretion

  • epithelial sheets form boundaries
  • glands secrete in response to stimuli
  1. endocrine: ductless ➞ secrete directly into bloodstream
    * ex: pancreas
  2. exocrine: secrete through ducts
    1. sweat glands
    2. sebaceous glands (oil)
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6
Q

muscular tissue

A

fix: cells specialized for contracting ➞ tension & movement
3 types:

  1. Skeletal: movement of skeleton, locomotion
           - most common
       - attached to skeleton all throughout body
       - jaw = strongest
  2. Cardiac: contraction/pumping of heart
  3. Smooth: contraction of openings or tubes
            - ex: stomach, bladder, capillaries
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7
Q

Nervous

A

Fx: specialized cells for initiating & transmitting electrical impulses
- signal transduction & transmission
- communication, coordination, control

a. central: brain
b. peripheral: spinal cord, nerves

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8
Q

basic cell fxs

A
  1. obtaining food/nutrients/O2 from envir
  2. metabolism (cell resp)
  3. eliminating waste
  4. protein synthesis
  5. controlling material
  6. exchange/transport
  7. movement
  8. respond to stimuli
  9. reproduce
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9
Q

ER

A

membrane synthesis

  1. rough: protein synthesis
  2. no ribosomes
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10
Q

golgi complex

A

new proteins from ER are sorted & packaged for transport

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11
Q

lysosomes

A

cellular digestion of foreign substances & debris, detoxification

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12
Q

peroxisomes

A

fatty acid degradation

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13
Q

proteasomes

A

H2O2 production ➞ degrades intracellular proteins tagged by ubiquitin

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14
Q

connective tissue

A

connects, supports, & anchors

  • majority of extracellular material w/ a few cells interspersed
  • loose connective: attaches epithelial to underlying structures
  • tendons: attach skeletal muscles to bone
  • bone: gives shape, support, & protection
    - responsible for blood production
    - pelvis/femur = largest bones ➞ most blood production
    - larger bones = strongest ➞ harder to break
  • blood: transports materials throughout body
  • decrease in height throughout day due to compaction of connective tissue
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15
Q

body systems

A
  1. circulatory
  2. respiratory
  3. digestive
  4. skeletal
  5. muscular
  6. urinary
  7. nervous
  8. integumentary
  9. immune
  10. endocrine
  11. reproductive
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16
Q

control center for temperature

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

homeostatic control system

A
  1. sensor detects deviations from set point
  2. afferent signal sends info from sensor into control center/integrator
  3. control center processes info
  4. efferent signal sends info from control center out to effectors, which carry out response
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18
Q

negative feedback

A

response reverses or causes opposite effect of original stimulus

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19
Q

intrinsic control systems

A

built into organs/tissues

  • exercising increases CO2 ➞ smooth muscle of blood vessels in skeletal muscle dilates to increases blood flow & bring O2
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20
Q

extrinsic control systems

A

external system requiring coordinated regulation of multiple organs

  • Low BP, detected by NS, increases HR and constricts vessels
  • Hi BG, detected by endocrine system, exerts hormonal control
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21
Q

Pathophysiology

A

disease; abnormal functioning

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22
Q

feedforward mechanisms

A

activate homeostatic mechanism in anticipation of change based on pattern/routine

  • no detectors/sensors/receptors
  • can be rare/infrequent event ie heartbeat prior to physical exertion
  • circadian rhythms ➞ internally driven by envir cues
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23
Q

direct cell to cell communication

A
  1. gap junctions: transfer small mol/ions
    • proteins
    • electrolytes
  2. transient cell’s surface markers directly linkup
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24
Q

human BG (plasma)

A

~80mg/dL

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25
glucose ↑
β cells release insulin
26
glucose ↓
𝝰 cells release glucagon
27
BG receptors
𝞪/β cells
28
BG control center
pancreas
29
BG effector
insulin/glucagon
30
largest glycogen storage
liver
31
paracrine secretions
nearby signaling - two or three cells away * ex: estrogen
32
autocrine signaling
releases hormones that bind to itself
33
neurotransmitter secretion
across synaptic cleft
34
endocrine signaling
* **hormones**: secrete into bloodstream can travel entire body * hormone = extracellular signaling mol; acts at receptors in distal tissues * only specific target cells with specific receptors can respond * **neurohormones**: hormone secreted from neuron into bloodstream
35
positive feedback
action amplifies initial change * does not contribute to homeostasis * moves syst away from set-point * childbirth, AP, blood clotting, lactatio
36
NS vs ES: anatomy
NS: "wired" * physical structure * continuity ES: "wireless" * dispersed * not connected
37
NS vs ES: chemical messenger
NS: neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft * short distance * close proximity * fast * short-lived * speed ES: hormones into blood * distal cells * long-acting * duration
38
NS vs ES: distance
NS: very short ES: long, across entire body
39
NS vs ES: specificity
NS: dependent on anatomy of neuron or target cell ES: dependent on specificity of target cell binding receptors & responsiveness to hormone
40
NS vs ES: speed
NS: rapid (milliseconds) ES: slow (min-hrs)
41
NS vs ES: duration
NS: brief (milliseconds) ES: long (min-d+)
42
hormone
extracellular signaling mol that is released into blood & acts at its receptors in distal tissues in order to elicit a physiological response
43
neurotransmitter
secreted by neuron & acting directly on its target through synapse * regulating excitable cells
44
synapse (synaptic cleft)
junction between 2 neurons * short distance * electrical synapse: 2 neurons connected by gap junction ➞ allow charge-carrying ions to flow directly in either direction * chemical synapse: chemical messenger transmits info 1 way across a synapse * can also be from a neuron to a muscle = neuromuscular junction (part of somatic nervous system, not ANS)
45
differences between hormone & neurotransmitter
* distance * duration * speed
46
similarities between hormone & neuromuscular junction
* signals * chemical mol that transmits info * bind to receptors * main purpose = homeostasis * mol can be both: - ex: dopamine & N2O2 - both just functional mol ➞ only diff is how they act & where the body is putting the signal to use, not what they are made of
47
endocrine pancreas hormones
* insulin * glucagon * somatostatin
48
pituitary hormones
anterior: * adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) * thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) * growth hormone (GH) * prolactin * follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) * luteinizing hormone (LH) posterior: * vasopressin * oxytocin
49
adrenal gland hormones
* catecholamines - epinephrine & NE * glucocorticoids - cortisol * mineralocorticoids - aldosterone * dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
50
thyroid gland hormones
* thyroxine(T4) * triiodothyronine (T3) * calcitonin
51
parathyroid gland hormones
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
52
hormone secreted in white adipose tissue
leptin
53
hormone secreted in stomach
* gastrin * somatostatin
54
hormone secreted in intestines
* cholecystoskinin * secretin * GLP-1 * GIP
55
hormone secreted in kidney
erythropoietin
56
hormone secreted in liver
insulin-like growth factor-1
57
hormone secreted by hypothalamus
* corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone ➞ stimulates adrenal to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol) * thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone ➞ simulates thyroid to secrete T3/T4 * gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins ➞ stimulate gonads to secrete sex hormones * growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH): stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete GH ➞ stimulates liver to secrete insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1)
58
pineal gland hormone
melatonin
59
hormone classifications
hydrophilic 1. the amines: amino acid derivatives 2. peptide hormones lipophilic 1. thyroid hormones: derived from 2 tyrosines + iodine 2. steroid hormones: derived from cholesterol
60
the amines: amino acid derivative hormones
* dopamine, NE, & EP from tyrosine * melatonin from tryptophan
61
peptide hormones
* **all pancreatic hormones (insulin, glucagon, etc)** * all GI tract hormones (secretin, gastrin, CCK, GLP-1, GIP, etc) * **all hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormones (except dopamine)** * **all anterior & posterior pituitary hormones** * angiotensin II * **insulin-like growth factor I** * erythropoietin * atrial natriuretic peptide * calcitocin
62
thyroid hormones
derived from 2 tyrosine + iodine * thyroxine (T4) * triiodothyronine (T3)
63
steroid hormones
modified cholesterol * estrogens * androgens (testosterone, anabolic steroids) * progestins (progesterone, birth control) * glucocorticoids (cortisol) * mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) * vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3)
64
most hormones are ____ and therefore are _______ & act through ______
most hormones are peptide hormones therefore are hypophilic act through receptors on target cell surfaces
65
steroidogenesis
biological process of steroid hormone production * steroidogenic enzymes make steroids from cholesterol * steroids retain lipophilic properties but can now pass through cell membrane * adrenal cortex: * cholesterol * progesterone * cortisol * aldosterone * gonads * cholesterol * progesterone * testosterone * estradiol
66
steroid hormone receptors vs peptide hormone receptors
**lipophilic** receptors inside target cell cytoplasm or nucleus **peptide** receptors on target cell surface
67
hydrophilic vs lipophilic hormone storage
**hydrophilic** can be stored in secretory vesicles after synthesis * immediate release **lipophilic** diffuse out of the cell as soon as synthesized * once target cell receptor is signaled cell must start transcription & translation to synthesize new hormone ex: epinephrine = amine ➞ immediate release in response to stress while cortisol takes time to synthesize
68
hydorphilic vs lipophilic hormone transport through bloodstream
**hypophilic** are soluble in plasma **lipophilic** are bound to proteins as they circulate * protein carries form temporary association * can bounce off at any point * no specific target cell/receptor location * bathe every cell but only work on target cells with receptors * body accounts for percentage always flowing in bloodstream when synthesis
69
hydrophilic vs lipophilic hormone metabolism & excretion
secreted hormones can be modified to become **less active** **hydorphilic** can be cleaved by circulating **general** proteases * peptides can be easily cleaved **lipophilic** can be made more water soluble ∴ can be easily excreted in urine * liver enzyme modifies * normal lipophilic secreted hormones can be modified to become **more active** **hydorphilic** can be cleaved by **specific** proteolytic enzymes * ex: angiotensinogen from liver reacts with renin in blood secreted by kidney to form angiotensin I which it cut by angiotensin converting enzyme from lung to made angiotensin II ➞ important in BP **lipophilic** are modified by enzymes inside target cell * ex: thyroxine (T4) rxts w/ deiodinase ➞ tri-iodothyronine (T3) = most active form * ex: testosterone rxts w/ 5⍺ reductase ➞ dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

NPB 101 (13 decks)

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