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Applied physiology > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic system

A

adrenal medulla
release norepinephrine neurotransmitter

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2
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

loacted in brain stem
release acetyl coline neurotransmitter
decrease in activation nodes = lower HR

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3
Q

Increase HR onset of exercise

A

due to parasympathetic withdrawal

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4
Q

End-diastolic volume

A

volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

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5
Q

Average aortic blood pressure

A

pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood
mean arterial pressure

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6
Q

Strength of ventricular contraction enhanced by

A

circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine
direct sympathetic stimulation of heart

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7
Q

Frank-starling mechanism

A

greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction
due to stretch ventricles
dependent on venous return

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8
Q

Venous return increased by:

A
  1. venoconstriction - via SNS
  2. skeletal muscle pump - rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in extremities towards the heart
  3. respiratory pump - changes in thoracic pressure pull blood towards heart
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9
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
Q = HR x SV

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10
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure generated during ventricular contraction

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11
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation

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12
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic

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13
Q

Mean arteial pressure (MAP)

A

average pressure in the arteries

~100 mmHg

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14
Q

Factors that determine MAP

A

cardiac output
total vascular resistance (sum of resistance to blood flow)

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15
Q

MAP equation

A

cardiac output x total vascular resistance

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16
Q

Short term regulation

A

SNS
baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries
increase in BP = decrease SNS
decrease in BP = increase SNS

17
Q

Long term regulation

A

kidneys via control of blood volume

18
Q

Increase metabolic need for oxygen/blood to exercising skeletal muscle via

A

increased cardiac output

redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle

19
Q

What direction is the increase of CO to metabolic rate required to perform exercise

A

dircetly proportional

20
Q

Changes in blood pressure depends on

A

type, intensity and duration of exercise
environ conditions
emotional influence
training history

21
Q

Onset of exercise

A

rapid increase HR, SV, CO
plateau in submaximal below lactate threshold exercise

22
Q

During recovery

A

decrease in HR, SV and CO towards resting levels

23
Q

Incremental exercise HR and CO:

A

increase linearly with increasing work rate

reaches plateau at 100% VO2max

24
Q

Incremental exercise BP:

A

MAP increases linearly
systolic BP increases
diastolic BP remain constant

25
Q

Intermittent exercise

A

near maximal HR values

26
Q

Recovery of heart rate and blood pressure between bouts depend on

A

fitness level
temperature and humidity
duration and intensity of exercise

27
Q

Prolonged exercise at a constant work rate

A

CO maintained
Gradual decrease in SV
due to dehydration and reduced plasma volume

28
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A

gradual increase in HR during prolonged exercise in heat

29
Q

Stroke volume

A

difference between end-diastolic volume and end-sytolic volume
SV = EDV - ESV

30
Q

Determine SV

A
  1. preload (venous return)
  2. contractility of ventricular muscle
  3. afterload (aortic pressure during systole)
31
Q

Frank Starling law

A

end-diastolic volume increased = stroke volume increased up to max
if increased more = SV decline

32
Q

Neurotransmitter PNS

A

acetylcholine

33
Q

Neurotransmitter SNS

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine
= adrenaline

34
Q

2 major adjustments in blood flow to meet increased demands O2

A

increase cardiac output
redistribution blood flow from inactive tissues to skeletal muscels

35
Q

Pulse presure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

36
Q

Heart rate variability

A

time interval between heart beats
epidemiological studies suggest that low HRV = predict mortality
increases in response to regular aerobic exercise training
influenced by the balance between PNS and SNS

Applied physiology (24 decks)

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