ANS

Question 1

cholinergic nerves

Answer 1

nerves that synthesize and release ACh as their neurotransmitter

Question 2

cholinergic receptor

Answer 2

receptors for Ach

Question 3

what are the two main types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 3

• nicotinic (N)
• muscarinic (M)

Question 4

adrenergic nerves

Answer 4

nerves that synthesize and release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter

Question 5

adrenergic receptor

Answer 5

receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Question 6

what are the two main types of adrenergic receptor

Answer 6

alpha and beta

Question 7

autonomic division

Answer 7

independent of conscious thought or control

Question 8

autonomic pathway consist of what type of nerve pathway

Answer 8

preganglionic - ganglion - postganglionic

Question 9

what does the somatic pathway consist of

Answer 9

single motorneuron projecting from ventral horn of the spinal cord directly to the muscle

Question 10

which is slower somatic or autonomic system? Why?

Answer 10

autonomic is slower because it has lightly myelinated or unmyelinated neurons while somatic division has myelinated axons

Question 11

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 11

sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral)

Question 12

all pre-ganglionic fibers release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptors in the ganglia

Answer 12

1. acetylcholine
2. nicotinic receptors

Question 13

postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptors in the target organs

Answer 13

1. acetylcholine
2. muscarinic receptors

Question 14

for the most part, post-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release what neurotransmitter onto what receptors in the target organs (all except those fibers that innervate sweat glands)

Answer 14

1. norepinephrine
2. adrenergic receptors

Question 15

post-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release what neurotransmitter into the receptors on sweat glands

Answer 15

acetylcholine

Question 16

the adrenal medulla is a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation of preganglionic fiber prompts secretion of what 2 hormones

Answer 16

• epinephrine (adrenaline) - 80%
• norepinephrine - 20%

Question 17

what gland can cause body-wide release of epinephrine and norepinephrine in an extreme emergency (adrenaline rush)

Answer 17

adrenal gland

Question 18

post-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release what neurotransmitter in the innervation of renal vasculature

Answer 18

dopamine

Question 19

location of neuron sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

Answer 19

intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord (T1-T3)

Question 20

are sympathetic preganglionic myelinated

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

primary neurotransmitter released in sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Answer 21

acetylcholine

Question 22

primary postsynaptic receptor recieiving neurotransmitter from sympathetic preganglionic neuron

Answer 22

nicotinic

Question 23

location of sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies

Answer 23

prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia

Question 24

are sympathetic postganglionic myelinated

Answer 24

no

Question 25

what is the primary neurotransmitter that sympathetic postganglionic neurons carry

Answer 25

norepinephrine

Question 26

primary postsynaptic receptor that recieves neurotransmitter from sympathetic postganglionic neuron

Answer 26

adrenergic

Question 27

location of parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies

Answer 27

brainstem and sacral spinal cord (S2-S4)

Question 28

are parasympathetic preganglionic neurons myelinated

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

what is the primary neurotransmitter carried in parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

Answer 29

acetylcholine

Question 30

what is the primary postsynaptic receptor that receives neurotransmitter from parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

Answer 30

nicotinic

Question 31

location of parasympathetic postganglionic neuron cell bodies

Answer 31

terminal ganglia in or near target organ

Question 32

are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons myelinated

Answer 32

no

Question 33

primary neurotransmitter carried in parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 33

acetylcholine

Question 34

primary postsynaptic receptor that recieves neurotransmitter from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 34

muscarinic

Question 35

what neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla secrete as part of the sympathetic system

Answer 35

* epinephrine * norepinephrine * dopamine

Question 36

preganglionic and postganglion nerve fibers of the parasympathetic system secrete what neurotransmitter

Answer 36

Ach

Question 37

how is acetylcholine synthesized

Answer 37

from Acetyl CoA and choline by choline acetyl transferase (Chat)

Question 38

sythesis of norepinephrine

Answer 38

1. tyrosine enters nerve terminal 2. converted to DOPA 3. DOPA converted to dopamine 4. dopamine converted to norepinephrine

Question 39

what are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the synaptic cleft that norepinephrine acts on

Answer 39

alpha and beta

Question 40

after release into the synaptic cleft, how is norepinephrine taken up by the presynaptic vesicle

Answer 40

* uptake by active pump mechanism **NET**

Question 41

cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants inhibit the uptake of what neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron

Answer 41

norepinephrine

Question 42

after uptake into the presynaptic neuron, norepinephrine is metabolized by what enzymes

Answer 42

* COMT * and to a lesser extent: MAO

Question 43

which is more likely to be detected in the blood: acetylcholine or norepinephrine

Answer 43

norepinephrine

Question 44

what organs have single innervation from the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 44

1. sweat glands 2. peripheral blood vessels 3. hair follicles 4. brown adipose tissue 5. adrenal medulla 6. kidney

Question 45

for organs innervated by both PNS and SNS, what determines the net effect on that organ

Answer 45

**ratio** of PNS/SNS

Question 46

visceral sensory and autonomic neurons participate in what function that enables defecation and micturition

Answer 46

visceral reflex arc

Question 47

implications for dual innervation of SNS and PNS: reciprocal effects

Answer 47

one system inhibits while the other stimulates activity of the target organ * provides fine control of organ function * ex: control of HR and intestinal motility

Question 48

implications for dual innervation of SNS and PNS: cooperative effects. give an example

Answer 48

* promote same goal * salivary gland secretion and male sexual response

Question 49

examples of reciprocal effects: list some examples of SNS fight/flight "stress" response

Answer 49

* inhibit digestion * increase HR * dilate pupil * stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis

Question 50

examples of reciprocal effects: list some examples of PNS vegetative "rest"

Answer 50

* enhance digestion * slows HR * constricts pupil * release of insulin from pancreas

Question 51

most arterioles and veins recieve only what type of innervation

Answer 51

sympathetic

Question 52

innervation of arteries and capillaries

Answer 52

not innervated

Question 53

most sweat glands are innervated only by

Answer 53

sympathetic nerves

Question 54

innervation of salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and male sexual organs

Answer 54

SNS and PNS but activity is **cooperative** (not reciprocal)

Question 55

list effect of cooperative effects of PNS and SNS on salivary glands

Answer 55

* SNS: viscous secretion * PNS: watery secretion

Question 56

list effect of cooperative effects of PNS and SNS on lacrimal glands

Answer 56

SNS and PNS both cause secretion

Question 57

list effect of cooperative effects of PNS and SNS on sexual response (male)

Answer 57

* PNS: male erection * SNS: ejaculation

Question 58

during filling of the bladder, what innervation predominates

Answer 58

sympathetic * causes detrusor muscle to relax * contracts internal sphincter * external sphincter is under voluntary control

Question 59

during micturition, what innervation predominates

Answer 59

parasympathetic * detrusor muscle contracts * internal sphincter relaxes

Question 60

role of hypothalamus in control of autonomic activities

Answer 60

intergrates autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses that automatically accompany various emotional and behavioral states

Question 61

role of medulla in control of autonomic activities

Answer 61

region directly responsible for autonomic output

Question 62

role of autonomic reflexes in control of autonomic activities

Answer 62

ex: urination, defecation, and erection are integrated at spinal cord

Question 63

role of amygdala in control of autonomic activities

Answer 63

* function: main limbic region for emotions * stimulates sympathetic activity, especially previously learned fear-related behavior

Question 64

role of reticular formation of brain stem in control of autonomic activities

Answer 64

most direct influence over autonomic function