ANS overview

Question 1

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 1

SNS
fight or flight response

Question 2

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 2

PSNS
rest and digest response

Question 3

regulation of ANS

Answer 3

-regulation of the activity of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, lymphoid and some adipose tissue

Question 3

Parasympathetic vs sympathetic actions

Answer 3

often opposing but not always

Question 4

autonomic tone of ANS

Answer 4

involuntary, meaning that these pathways tend to be active to some degree at rest

Question 5

somatic nervous system

Answer 5

controls skeletal muscles and mostly voluntary

Question 6

what is the anatomy of the ANS

Answer 6

-2 neuron path

Question 7

ganglia

Answer 7

group of cell bodies outside of CNS

Question 8

First neuron

Answer 8

-CNS
-preganglionic neuron
-located in CNS
-projects to the autonomic ganglia

Question 8

second neuron

Answer 8

-peripheral
-postganglionic neuron
-located outside of the CNS in the autonomic ganglia
-projects to the target organ

Question 9

primary transmitter of all preganglionic neurons

Answer 9

acetylcholine

Question 10

transmitter in all ___________ neurons is acetylcholine

Answer 10

PSNS postganglionic

Question 11

transmitter in most SNS postganglionic neuron is

Answer 11

norepinephrine

Question 12

other places we have ACh, epinephrine, and dopamine

Answer 12

ACh- sweat glands
-epinephrine- adrenal medulla
-dopamine- renal vasculature

Question 13

PSNS postganglionic neurons

Answer 13

-short
-synapse on the target cell
-release ACh to activate muscarinic receptor on the target organ

Question 13

PSNS preganglionic neurons

Answer 13

-long
-synapse with postganglionic neurons at or near organ
-release ACh to activate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

Question 14

SNS preganglionic neuron

Answer 14

-short
-synapse with postganglionic neuron near spinal cord
-release ACh to activate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

Question 15

spinal cord is also called

Answer 15

paraverterbral sympathetic ganglion

Question 16

SNS postganglionic neuron

Answer 16

-long
-synapse on the target organ
-release norepinephrine to activate adrenergic receptors on target organs

Question 17

exceptions in the SNS sweat glands

Answer 17

-postganglionic neurons involved with stress-related excretion release norepinephrine (sweaty palms)
-postganglionic neurons involved with thermoregulation release ACh

Question 18

exceptions in the SNS adrenal glands

Answer 18

-preganglionic neurons do not synapse in the paraverterbral sympathetic ganglion
-preganglionic neurons synapse directly on the adrenal gland, release ACh, and activate nicotinic receptors on the adrenal gland
-adrenal glands release epinephrine into systemic circulation

Question 19

exceptions in SNS kidneys

Answer 19

-affected by dopamine (mainly synthesized locally, not ANS)

Question 20

most postganglionic SNS release with neurotransmitter?

Answer 20

Norepinephrine

Question 21

neuron types of the PSNS

Answer 21

cholinergic
-Acetylcholine (endogenous)
-muscarine (exogenous)
-nicotine (exogenous)

Question 22

neuron types in SNS

Answer 22

adrenergic -norepinephrine (noradrenaline, endogenous) -epinephrine (adrenaline, endogenous)

Question 23

influence of drugs on ANS

Answer 23

-mimic or block the effects of the two primary neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and norepinephrine/ epinephrine)

Question 24

drugs that mimic neurotransmitters are referred to as

Answer 24

-receptor agonists -these drugs activate receptors

Question 25

drugs that block neurotransmitters are referred to as

Answer 25

-receptor antagonist -these drugs block the endogenous neurotransmitters from activating receptors

Question 26

classification of drugs that PSNS mimic acetylcholine

Answer 26

-cholinergic -muscarinic agonist -parasympathmimetic

Question 27

classification of drugs that PSNS block acetylcholine

Answer 27

-anticholinergic -muscarinic antagonist -parasympatholytic

Question 28

classification of drugs that SNS mimic norepinephrine

Answer 28

-adrenergic -adrenergic agonist -sympathomimetic

Question 29

classification of drugs that SNS block norepinephrine

Answer 29

-antiadrenergic -adrenergic antagonist -sympatholytic

Question 30

cholinoceptors

Answer 30

nicotinic - Nw,Nn muscarinic - M1, M2, M3

Question 31

adrenoceptors

Answer 31

alpha - a1, a2 beta - B1, B2, B3

Question 32

nicotinic receptors

Answer 32

-ganglionic, skeletal muscles, neuronal CNS -Na+ Ion Channel -5 subunits ionotropic ligand-gated Na+ channels -Opening leads to depolarization of membrane -Lead to opening of voltage-gated sodium channels to produce action potential -Selectively activated by nicotine (exogenous)

Question 33

muscarinic receptors

Answer 33

-M1,M3, M5 (signal via Gq pathway-- IP3-->mobilize Ca++ from intracellular stores. DAG, activate protein kinase C) -M2, M4 (signal via G1 pathway)

Question 34

alpha 1 receptors

Answer 34

-signal via Gq pathway -mediates vasoconstriction -IP3----> mobilize Ca++ from intracellular stores -DAG --> activates protein kinase C -tissue distribution (vascular smooth muscle, genitourinary smooth muscle, intestinal smooth muscle, heart, liver)

Question 35

alpha 2 receptor

Answer 35

-signal through Gi -inhibit adenylyl cyclase -reduced cAMP- dependent protein kinase activity -activate certain K+ channels -found pre-synaptically and function as autoreceptors to inhibit sympathetic output: results in decreased transmitter release

Question 36

beta receptos

Answer 36

-signal through Gs -activate adenylyl cyclase -increase cAMP leading to protein kinase activation -results in phosphorylation of ion channels and other proteins

Question 37

pupilary constriction

Answer 37

(miosis) circular muscle is constricted by activation of parasympathetic nerves (M3)

Question 38

pupillary dilation

Answer 38

(mydriasis) radial muscle is constricted by activation of sympathetic nerves (a1)

Question 38

iris

Answer 38

ring of muscles oriented in two different ways whose activity determines the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil

Question 39

glaucoma

Answer 39

increased intraocular pressure: decreased outflow through trabecular network increased secretion from ciliary body epithelium

Question 40

ciliary muscle

Answer 40

-M3 agonist, pilocarpine -contraction facilitates outflow of aqueous humor -decreases intraocular pressure

Question 41

ciliary body

Answer 41

-alpha 2 agonist, brimonidine -inhibit production and increase outflow of aqueous humor -decrease intraocular pressure

Question 42

ciliary epithelium

Answer 42

-NE-beta -secretion of aqueous humor -beta antagonist (timolol) -decrease intraocular pressure