ANS part 2

Question 1

length efferent fibers parasympathetic vs sympathetic

Answer 1

paraysympathetic preganglionic long post ganglionic short sympathetic preganglionc short post ganglionic long

Question 2

types of innervation parasympathetic vs sympathetic

Answer 2

parasympathetic- discrete symapthetic- diffuse

Question 3

neurotransmitters parasympathetic vs sympathetic

Answer 3

parasympathetic ganglia- acetycholine neuroeffector junctions- acetylcholine sympathetic ganglia- acetycholine neuroeffector junctions- norepinephrine (except sweat glands, vasodilators in skeletal muscle and adrenal medulla)

Question 4

receptors parasympathetic vs sympathetic

Answer 4

parasympathetic ganglia- nicotinic cholinergic neuroeffector junecionts- muscarinic cholinergic sympathetic ganglia- nicotina cholinergic neuroeffector junctions- adrenergic

Question 5

effector organ responess

Answer 5

• response post ganglionic release transmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory; response is tissue specific - in most organ systems both divisions (symp and parasympathetic) exert tonic action holding effectors in state of intermediate activity

Question 6

post junctional excitation

Answer 6

• leads to increased force and/or frequency of muscle contraction, increase secretion in glands

Question 7

examples post junctional excitation

Answer 7

• sympathetic adrenergic innervation -> contraction vascular smooth muscle - parasympathetic cholinergic receptors stimulation contraction GI smooth muscle

Question 8

post junctional inhibition

Answer 8

• post junctional inhibition, decreasing contraction, secretion ect.

Question 9

examples post junctional inhibition

Answer 9

• parasympathetic cholinergic innervation -> decreased freqnecy of contraction of cardiac muscles - sympathetic adrenergic innervation -> relaxation GI smooth muscle

Question 10

parasympathetic nervous system effects

Answer 10

• discrete and selective - important for vegetative functions and maintenance of status quo, acts to conserve and restore energy; rest and digest - its innervation to some organs is essential for life

Question 11

parasympathetic nervous system dual innervation predominant tone

Answer 11

parasympathetic

Question 12

parasympathetic nervous system examples of responses

Answer 12

• decrease heart rate - decrease blood pressure - increase GI motility and secretions - increase absorption or nutrients - increase excretory functions - increase salivary section - constriction of bronchioles - miosis

Question 13

sympathetic nervous system effects

Answer 13

• generally diffuse and nonselective system usually discharges as unit (some selectivity in organs like heart and blood vessels) - important for survival during stress (flight or flight)

Question 14

body survival without SNS?

Answer 14

• body can survive w/o SNS but some protective functions will be lost

Question 15

examples of responses from SNS

Answer 15

• increase heart rate - increase blood pressure - increase blood flow to skeletal muscle - decrease blood flow to skin and splanchnic bed - increase blood glucose - dilation of bronchioles - mydriasis

Question 16

interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

Answer 16

• most organs have dual innervation - opposing effects - complementary effects - no interaction

Question 17

what organ does NOT have dual innervation for parasympathetic and sympathetic NS

Answer 17

blood vessels which only receive sympathetic innervation

Question 18

opposing effects interaction between paraysympathetic and sympathetic systems

Answer 18

• most common balanced antagonism (ex heart and bladder) - most system may heavily predominate (ex. in GI tract parasympathetic)

Question 19

complementary effects interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

Answer 19

• ex. in salivary gland PNS stimualtes watery secretion and SNS stimulates viscous secretion - ex. in male genitalia PNS mediates errection SNS mediates ejaculation (point and shoot)

Question 20

no interaction interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

Answer 20

• organ innervated selectively by one system (ex blood vessels)

Question 21

Sites for drug action in ANS

Answer 21

• cerebral cortex (high CNS centers) - lower brain centers and medullary centers - autonomic afferents - autonomic eferents - effector organ

Question 22

autonomic efferents drug action site ANS

Answer 22

-autonomic ganglia- not selectivity for symp or parasympathetic ganglia but more symp post gang gibers than parasympathetic fibers so predominant response to stimulation at ganglia = sympathetic - neuroeffector junction

Question 23

effector organ drug action site ANS

Answer 23

• ANS not directly involved - interference with effector function (ex. cardiac glycosides, calcium channel antagonists)

Question 24

Major considerations in predicting drug action

Answer 24

• pharmacokinetics of drug - mechanism of action of drug - type of receptor/ response altered - effect of stimulation or inhibition of particular receptor on organ - regulation of “normal tone” of organ - Reflex compensation

Question 25

drug actions at synapse and neuroeffector junction

Answer 25

- agonists or mimetic drugs - antagonists or lytic drugs

Question 26

agonists or mimetic drugs

Answer 26

- directly acting - indirectly acting

Question 27

directly aging

Answer 27

effect mediated by direct activation of receptor

Question 28

indirectly acting

Answer 28

- effect mediated through increased concentration transmitter at receptors by inducing release transmitter from terminal or inhibiting inactivation of transmitter

Question 29

inhibiting inactivation of transmitter

Answer 29

can be by inhibiting reuptake or of inactivating enzymes

Question 30

indirectly acting effect can reflect

Answer 30

binding to an allosteric site on receptor which potentiates transmitter action

Question 31

antagonists or lytic drugs

Answer 31

- competitive antagonists - non-completive/ allosteric antagonists - antagonist at nerve terminal

Question 32

competitive antagonists

Answer 32

- drugs block receptor activation by occupying agonist binding site preventing transmitter or mimetic drug from interacting with receptor

Question 33

noncompetitive/ allosteric antagonists

Answer 33

- drugs block receptor activation by binding to site separate from agonist binding site therefore preventing transmitter or mimetic drug from interacting with or activating the receptor

Question 34

antagonist at nerve terminal

Answer 34

effect mediated through reduced concentration of transmitter at receptor which can be via - inhibition of synthesis of transmitter (by inhibition of uptake of substrate, by interference with synthetic steps, by causing synthesis of "false transmitter" - depletion of transmitter - inhibition of release of transmitter

Question 35

Heart will beat w/o

Answer 35

autonomic innervation

Question 36

blood vessels and heart are exception to

Answer 36

they are regulated by sympathetic system and this is exception to fight/ flight bc while this is fight/ flight its tight/ discrete regulation

Question 37

ANS basically

Answer 37

who = peripheral affects everyone

Question 38

skeletal muscle primarily effected by

Answer 38

hormone epinephrine these= entities to diff organ systems with diff drugs

Question 39

tone

Answer 39

parasympathetic and sympathetic = both firing at same level all the time

Question 40

acetylcholine with ligand gated ion channel opposing it what happens if block these

Answer 40

loose all parasympathetic and sympathetic tone and die

Question 41

neuroeffector junction follows pattern of

Answer 41

somatic innervation to muscle; innervation by efferents lands on organ system (must. contacts between nerve and innervated organ)

Question 42

some cholinergic neuroeffector junctions but generally

Answer 42

norepinephrine NT for symp division

Question 43

nicotinic

Answer 43

nerve to nerve open and depolarize post ganglionic cell and skeletal muscle = not related to muscarinic Its at neuromuscular junctions but both use acetylcholine

Question 44

muscarinic

Answer 44

GPCRs at NEJs

Question 45

Adrenergic receptors

Answer 45

norepinephrine NT

Question 46

AP -\>

Answer 46

Ca2+ flow in -\> fusion -\> NT release b/c vesicle fusion

Question 47

inactivation of transimitter by reuptake or metabolic alteration

Answer 47

- adrenergic= reuptake

Question 48

neg feedback controls

Answer 48

how much transmitter release

Question 49

horse

Answer 49

- adrenergic not cholinergic sweater

Question 50

adrenal medulla is

Answer 50

ganglia

Question 51

norepinephrine can be

Answer 51

excitatory or inhibitory depends on organ

Question 52

vagal tone driven by what system

Answer 52

parasympathetic on heart; increase heart rate if decrease w/ drug HR lead to increase (atropine)

Question 53

heart / blood vessels =

Answer 53

regulated minute to minute

Question 54

balanced antagonism

Answer 54

parasympathetic and sympathetic 1 turns it up 1 turns it down

Question 55

sympathetic and parasympathetic generally

Answer 55

oppose each other