ANS Review

Question 1

anatomical subdivisions of the ANS

Answer 1

cranial parasympathetic nerves

thoracic and lumbar sympathetic nerves

sacral parasympthatic nerves

Question 2

preganglionic nerve fibers of the ANS

Answer 2

cell bodies originate entirely within the CNS, myelinated terminals

synapse in the autonomic ganglai which are entirely outside the CNS

Question 3

postganglionic nerve fibers of the ANS

Answer 3

cell bodies entirely within the autonimic ganglia

non-myelinated

Question 4

neuroeffector junctions

Answer 4

formed by post-ganglionic nerve terminals synapsing with effectors

Question 5

sympathetic ganglia

Answer 5

near the spinal cord at considerable distance from ultimate effectors

one sympathetic preganglionic fiber distributres its activity in a diffuse fashion to many postganglionic fibers at distant sites

Question 6

parasympathetic ganglia

Answer 6

located very near or even embedded int he target effector with a preganglionic fiber synapsing nearby the effector with its postganglionic partner

Question 7

types of ANS nerves and their neurotransmitters

Answer 7

parasympathetic - ACh and ACh

sympathetic ACh and Nor

sympathetic cholinergic ACh and ACh

adrenal medulla

ACh and release of Adr and Nor into blood

Question 8

control of popul diameter

Answer 8

sympathetic stimulation - myadrasis from superior cervical ganglion, norepinephrine

parasympathetic stimulation miosis miosis - oculomotor nerve, acetylcholine

Question 9

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on bronchioles

Answer 9

sympathetic dilation

parasympathetic constriction

Question 10

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on the gastro-intestinal

Answer 10

sympathetic constipation

parasympathetic defecation

Question 11

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on the urinary bladder

Answer 11

sympathetic urinary retention

parasympathetic micturition

Question 12

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on the heart

Answer 12

sympathetic increases heart rate and contractile force

parasympathetic decreases heart rate and has no direct effect on contractile force

Question 13

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on the liver

Answer 13

parasympathetic - glycogen synthesis

sympathetic glycogenolysis and gluconeogeneiss

Question 14

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on the liver on fat depots

Answer 14

sympathetic fatty acid release

parasympathetic no effects

Question 15

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on the liver

Answer 15

sympathetic causes constriction via alpha1 adrenoreceptors - major determinant of blood pressure

parasympathetic has no effect

Question 16

parasympathetic effect on sexual function

Answer 16

promotes erection and mucous secretion, transmitter here is nitric oxide

Question 17

sympathetic effect on sexual function

Answer 17

smooth muscle contractions and secretions in both males and females

Question 18

somatic response of sexual function

Answer 18

after parasympathetic and sympathetic actions there is a somatic response that leads to skeletal muscle contractions and ejaculation in males

Question 19

detumescence

Answer 19

loss of arousal via sympathetic alpha1 vasoconstriction

Question 20

piloerector contraction

Answer 20

hairs stand on end via sympathetics

Question 21

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on the spleen

Answer 21

sympatetic contraction and release of erythrocytes, no parasympathetic effects

Question 22

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on salivary secretion

Answer 22

parallel actions

sympathetic small volume of potassium and water

parasympathetic serous and watery

Question 23

focal hyperhydrosis

Answer 23

excessive sweating in the armpits, treatable with BOTOX A

Question 24

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on sweating

Answer 24

apocrine glands are not innervated

responds to epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla

Question 25

parasympathetic secretions

Answer 25

nasopharyngeal glands acid secreting glands lachrimal glands exocrine pancreas endocrine pancreas

Question 26

sympathetic vs. sympathetic effects on insulin secretion

Answer 26

sympathetic inhibits secretion parasympathetic stimulates secretion

Question 27

Which division of the ANS dominates normally?

Answer 27

parasympathetic tone predominates exception is the sympathetic tone to blood vessels, which is unopposed by parasympathetic innervation

Question 28

pupil effects of Lambert-Eaton, Myasthenia Gravis, and Botulism

Answer 28

LEMS - pupils constricted a little but responds sluggishly to light, wrong flavor of calcium channel blocked MG - does not affect pupils because it is a strictly motor neuron/muscle defect botulism - fixed dilated pupils because BOTOX blocks ACh release of mydriasis

Question 29

sympathetic tone and blood vessels, state the relevant equations

Answer 29

main control of blood pressure BP = CO x TPR TPR = (length x viscosity x constant)/(pi x radius^4) small changes in radius has large impacts on the total peripheral resistance

Question 30

barostatic reflex

Answer 30

increased blood pressure sensed by stretchr eceptors in teh aortic arch and carotid sinus increases firing of nerves IX and X, synpase on the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), which stimulates the vagal nucleus stimulation o the vagus produces a slowing of the heart, reflex bradycardia inhibits vasomotor center and relfexively reduces smpyathetic tone to the periphery

Question 31

orthostatic hypotension

Answer 31

failure to maintain arterial pressure to do low vasomotor tone produced by drugs that block the sympathetic link to the periphery

Question 32

drugs that block the sympathetic link to the periphery

Answer 32

alpha1 blockers adrenergic neuron blockers ganglion blockers

Question 33

micturition

Answer 33

parasympathetic spinal reflex critical threshold is reached sensory nerves send impulses to the spinal cord activity emerges from the sacral spinal cord

Question 34

enteric division of the ANS

Answer 34

consists of submucous and myenteric plexi of neurons third division of the ANS controls the peristaltic reflex, which can occur very effectively in the absence of any extrinsic neruonal connections to the gut wall an enormous number of different neurotransmitters vagus nerve orders the events to occur but the enteric division carries out the peristaltic reflex