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Foundations 2 > Embryology I and II > Flashcards

Embryology I and II Flashcards

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1
Q

ovulation

A

the release of a maturing egg (ovum) from an ovarian follicle at the surfaces of the ovary

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2
Q

How long is the developing zygote a blastocyst?

A

weeks 1-2

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3
Q

How long is a zygote an embryo?

A

weeks 3-8

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4
Q

How long is a zygote a fetus?

A

weeks 8-term

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5
Q

Which period generates most birth defects?

A

weeks 3-8 during the embryo stage

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6
Q

fimbriae

A

a structure of the uterine tube that covers the ovary and guides the ovum into the uterine tube

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7
Q

Where does conception usually take place?

A

the distal third of the uterine tube

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8
Q

morula

A

a tight ball of cells that is formed shortly after fertilization

forms by day 4

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9
Q

components of the blastocyst

A

outer shell, trophoblast, inner cell mass, amnion, and yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)

forms by day 5

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10
Q

implantation

A

the blastocyst normally sinks into the upper posterior uterine wall (endometrium or decidus)

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11
Q

two components of the trophoblast

A

outer syncytiotrophoblast (syntrophoblast) and inner cytotrophoblast

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12
Q

chorion

A

consists of the syntophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and extra-embryonic mesoderm

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13
Q

amnion

A

consists of ectoderm and its extra-embryonic mesodermal coat

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14
Q

yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)

A

consists of endoderm and extra-embryonic mesoderm

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15
Q

What happens 10 days post-fertilization?

A

syncytiotrophoblast layers differentiate

yolk sac forms

extraembryonic mesoderm appears

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16
Q

What happens days 11-13 post-fertilization?

A

extraembryonic mesoderm cavitates

implantation nears completion

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17
Q

What structures do the extraembryonic mesoderm (mesenchyme) form?

A

connective tissue core of the villi and the blood vessels

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18
Q

What happens to the cytotrophoblast?

A

disappears midway through pregnancy

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19
Q

sites of ectopic pregnancies

A

tubal, abdominal, ovarian, cervical

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20
Q

origin of the syncytiotrophoblast

A

forms from the outer part of the trophoblast

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21
Q

origin of the hypoblast (future endoderm)

A

differentiates from inner cell mass

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22
Q

which cells of the trophoblast generates the embryo

A

epiblast + hypoblast

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23
Q

main event sof the second week of development

A

implantation and extra-embryonic membrane formation

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24
Q

three layers of the chorion

A

syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and mesoderm forming the connective tissue core of the villus

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25
extraembryonic coelom
forms as the extraembryonic mesoderm becomes hollow
26
smooth corion
covers the amnion
27
villous chorion
conists of the placental villi, the primary components of the placenta, both are derived fromt he trophoblast
28
decidua basalis
the maternal component of the placenta
29
decidua capsularis
the "bag" with chorion and amnion
30
decidua parietalis
the uninvolved uterine mucosa
31
anchoring villi
extend through the thickness of the placenta to connect with the decidua basalis
32
free villi
branch from the anchoring villi for many generations, bathed directly in maternal blood as the site of metabolic exchange
33
cytotrophoblastic shell
at the interface between the villous chorion and decidua basalis, firmly attach the placenta to the endometrium at birth the shell and villous chorion separate from the decidua basalis and are expelled with the fetal membranes as "afterbirth"
34
cotyledons
circular, convex structures on the placental surface that are formed from the decidua basalis as the connective tissue septa extend into the villous chorion
35
primitive not (or node)
forms a midline cord of mesoderm, the notochord
36
primitive streak
ectoderm behind the primitive knot that ofrms all the rest of the intraembryonic mesoderm
37
notochord
induces the neural plate, only remains as the nucleus pulposis of intervertebral discs
38
paraxial columns
form segmental somites bone, muscle and dermis of skin
39
intermediate columns
contribute to the urogenital system
40
lateral plates
forms pleura, peritoneum, and connective tissue of organs and body wall
41
development of monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins
dizygotic twins - two chorions, two placentas, two amnions monozygotic twins - one chorion and one placenta, but two amnions
42
43
What happens in week 3 of development?
gastrulation - creates a third germ layer, elongation of the embryonic disc
44
neural tube
forms as the ectoderm in front of the receding primitive streak, induced by the notochord to form a thickened, ectodermal, **neural plate**, which will invaginate and sink into the embryo as the **neural tube**
45
neural crest
cells from here pinch off during tube formation and play an important role in forming peripheral nerves and many tissues in the head and neck
46
prechordal plate
the future oropharyngeal membrane
47
intra-embryonic mesoderm
primitive streak and node give off cells which made up this third embryonic germ layer
48
four structures formed by condensation of the intra-embryonic mesoderm
notochord paraxial mesoderm intermediate mesoderm lateral plate
49
connecting stalk
the only physical connection between the embryo and placenta, shifts toward the tail-end of the embryo and will form the umbilical cord
50
oral and cloacal membranes
sites of the future mouth and anus, respectively, where ectoderm remains in firtm contact with the endoderm
51
cardiogenic plate
mesoderm in front of the oral membrane (derived from the primitive streak) that will form the heart the heart starts functioning by day 21
52
allantois
a vestigial membrane in humans consisting of an endodermal evagination of the yolk sac into the mesoderm of the connecting stalk the fourth and final extra-embryonic membrane will shift from the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle) to the hindgut of the GI tract within the embryo
53
notochord
disc nucleus pulposis induces neurulation
54
paraxial mesoderm
future somites for bone, muscle, C.T.
55
intermediate mesoderm
future UG system including kidneys and gonads
56
lateral plate
future body wall and cavities gut wall
57
function of yolk sac
nourishes embryo early on, but later there is no yolk later becomes the first source of embryonic blood cells
58
shaping the gastrula
the aminon begins to tuck around the side of the tri-laminar disc to form a cylinder it also tucks around the head and tail
59
somatopleure
surface ectoderm plus mesoderm from the lateral plate forms the basis of the lateral and ventral body wall eventually forms the skin of the limbs and all of the connective tissue components
60
splanchnopleure
ectoderm plus mesoderm from the lateral plate will form the visceral structures such as walls of the gut tube and the mesenteries that support it
61
myotomes
somite mytotomes migrate into the somatopleure
62
parietal pleura and peritoneum
line their respective body cavities and develop from somatopleure form the innermost layer of the body wall
63
mesenteries
two sheets of visceral peritoneum (with some fat and connective tissue) that suspend the gut tube from the body wall and provide a route for vessels and nerves to supply the gastro-intestinal organs
64
visceral peritoneum and pleura
develop from splanchnopleure and form the mesenteries and the coverings of the visceral organs
65
septum transversum
a transverse condensation of primitive streak mesenchyme that separates the thoracic (pleural) and abdominal (peritoneal) cavities just caudal to the developing heart it will form part of the diaphragm and the connective tissue framework (stroma) of the liver
66
splanchnopleure
the source of most GI organs, buds off of the gut tube GI tube itself will form the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small an d large intestines, and the rectum
67
somites
form skeletal muscles, bones, and dermis of the skin in the back

Foundations 2 (33 decks)

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