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antarctica Flashcards

1
Q

average temperature

A

-40 degrees

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2
Q

whens the winter season

A

march to october

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3
Q

what are daylight hours like

A

6 months of the year are in constant darkness and 6 months are in constant light

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4
Q

how diverse are ecosystmes

A

not very diverse due to cold harsh climates

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5
Q

how diverse are southern oceans

A

diverse in marine life
- lots of fish krill, whales, penguins and seas

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6
Q

Average temperature at the South Pole

A

-49°

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7
Q

Average precipitation along more coastal areas

A

400 to 600 mm per year

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8
Q

Average precipitation in land

A

50 mm per year

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9
Q

What kind of landscape is Antarctica?

A

Can be considered a desert
- McMurdo Valley considered to have no rainfall in nearly 2,000,000 years and no snow

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10
Q

What are the winds called?

A

Katabarics with strong winds of 60 to 70 mph

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What was the highest windspeed recorded in Antarctica?

A

199 mph

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13
Q

Why are warmer sea and atmospheric temperatures a threat?

A

They melt ice sheets, causing icebergs to cave into the sea
- This causes rising sea levels and changes pH of the sea as more freshwater is added

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14
Q

How are animals affected by climate change in Antarctica?

A
  • Animals and plants are highly adapted to cold environments and affected drastically by temperature change
  • Migration patterns Jupp affecting Antarctic food chain
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15
Q

What is released when ice sheets melt?

A

CO2 into the atmosphere

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16
Q

What is the albedo effect?

A

Ice reflecting solar radiation back into the atmosphere this is lessened due to climate changes I sheets are melting meaning more heat is absorbed into oceans

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17
Q

What are there bans on in Antarctica?

A

Whaling and sealing

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18
Q

Why is the ecosystem damaged in the long-term by whaling

A

Wales are slow readers meaning the ecosystem is damaged long-term from past whaling

19
Q

How many tourists visited Antarctica between 2009 2010?

20
Q

What is the risk of cruise ship entering Antarctica?

A

Major contributors to environmental disruption
- See ice destruction
- Risk of oil spells

21
Q

What was an effect of the OS explorer crash in 2007?

A

Left a mile long diesel spill that disrupted penguin breeding grounds

22
Q

What happens to litter in Antarctica?

A

Any letter dropped to stay in the nutrient cycle for a long time as decomposition is slowed due to low temperatures

23
Q

What happens to the food chain due to fishing?

A

Remove vital animals from the ready small food chain

24
Q

What is the most fished marine animal in Antarctica?

A

Krill which is the keystone species of the food chain

25
What are the reports of in terms of fishing in Antarctica?
Illegal unreported and unregulated fishing, which is unsustainable and causes wide scale marine habitat damage
26
Why is the fossil fuel crisis a threat to Antarctica?
The demand for resources may lead to exploitation of Antarctic resources
27
What does oil exploitation cause?
Disrupt the habitat through infrastructure that comes with it, e.g. drilling and pipelines
28
Is mining and oiling band in Antarctica
Yes
29
What is the impact of research based
If not handled properly, research basis may threaten to disrupt the environment
30
What is the impact of huskies that are brought by researchers?
Huskies are used and then fed to seals and penguins which brought threat of infecting seals and have now been predominantly removed from the continent
31
Name one food chain
Phyto plankton, krill, penguin, small whales
32
How does ocean certification impact food chains?
Ocean certification causes fewer carbonate ions to form meaning small species with shells cannot create strong shells and the organisms are much smaller
33
What does the UN DO FOR ANTARCTICA?
- Helps promote international corporation and law regarding the Antarctica treaty system - You and general as assembly has passed resolutions, urging all nations to abide by the treaty
34
What does the UNEP do for Antarctica?
- Works to promote environmental protection and Antarctica as the continent fragile environment requires international collaboration for conservation
35
When was the international whaling commission made?
1946
36
How many member states has the international whaling commission got?
89
37
What are the roles of the international whaling commission?
- Setting catch limits and hunting restrictions to regulate how many whales can be caught - Work with scientific committee in order to research and study wailing -Coordination of conservation work through yearly meetings and other means - Provide funds for research and conservation
38
What work has been done by the international whaling commission?
- Banning on commercial wailing - Revised management procedure estimates catch limits using past and present research - 1994 seven whale sanctuary set up - International observancy scheme
39
Criticisms of the international whaling commission
- No penalties for countries leaving the commission - Countries can object the IWC regulations such as Norway and Iceland who still commercially whale - There are loopholes in the regulations and Japan got away with wailing in Antarctica Waters
40
How many countries are in the Antarctic treaty?
53
41
What is the Antarctic treaty system?
Collection of agreements that work to protect the Antarctica through global governance
42
What do the Antarctic treaty do?
- Antarctica used for scientific research - All stations can be inspected at any time - Antarctica is a global common and not a country’s territory - Nuclear activity is banned
43
What are criticisms of the Antarctica treaty system?
- treaty isn’t mandatory - Inspections don’t occur often - All decisions must be unanimous making it take a long time for things to go through
44
What was the protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctica treaty?
- Fans on activities relating to mineral resources aside from scientific processes - Established the committee for environmental protection - Regulates on waste management and marine pollution

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