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Antepartum Part 1 Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

3 female hormones

A

estrogen
progesterone
prostaglandins

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2
Q

estrogen

A

female secondary sex characteristics
follicle maturation
proliferation of endometrial mucosa

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3
Q

Progesterone

A

decrease urine motility & contractility to build up the endometrium

proliferation of the endometrium

secretion of thick viscous mucous by the cervix

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4
Q

prostaglandins

A

promote smooth muscle relaxation

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5
Q

neurohormonal basis of female reproductive cycle

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH

causes anterior pituitary to release

- FSH 
- LH
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6
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

helps w/ maturation of the follicle

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7
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

Increases production of prgesterone

release of mature follicle from the ovary

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8
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Includes follicular phase and luteal phase

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9
Q

Follicular Phase

A

days 1-14
under dual control of FSH & LH
ovulation
body temp increases after ovulation

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10
Q

Luteal Phase

A

Days 15-28

begins when ovum leaves follicle

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11
Q

Endometrial Cycle

A

“uterine or menstrual cycle”

includes: -menstrual phase
- proliferative phase
- secretory phase
- ischemic phase

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12
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

menstruation occurs in response to low levels of estrogen & progesterone

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13
Q

Proliferative Phase

A

the endometrial glands enlarge in response to increased estrogen levels

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14
Q

Secretory Phase

A

endometrium undergoes slight cellular growth due to estrogen

progesterone causes marked swelling and growth

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15
Q

Ischemic Phase

A

begins if fertilization does NOT occur

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16
Q

Fertilization

A

women usually ovulate 14 days before their next menses

after ovulation the ovum can remain viable for approx 24 hrs

sperm remains fertile for 72 hrs and up to 5 days

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17
Q

Calculating window for fertility

A

calendar based isn’t accurate, especially w/ irreg cycles

can check cervical mucous:

- scant, thick & sticky = ovulation
- mucous becomes thin and clear before ovulation= promotes 	sperm movement
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18
Q

Infertility

A

failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 mos.

- sterility
- primary infertility
- secondary infertility
- fecundidity
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19
Q

Sterility

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A

inability to produce pregnancy

20
Q

Primary infertility

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A

those who have never conceived

21
Q

Secondary infertility

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A

those who have conceived in the past

22
Q

Fecundidity

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A

the state of being fertile; capable of producing offspring

23
Q

Causes for infertility

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A

ovulatory dysfunction
tubal & peritoneal pathology
male factors

24
Q

Ovulatory Dysfunction

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A

increases w/ age, fertility peak @20-24 yrs
increase is due to: -progressive follicular depeltion
-PCOS
-hypothyroidism & hyperprolactimemia

25
Tubal & pelvic problems
``` endometriosis and uterine surgery tubal scarring from PID ghonorrhea & chlamydia Asherman's syndrome most common cause is D&C ```
26
lifestyle and environmental factors
``` can affect both men and women smoking & drug use alcohol obesity repeated exposure to chemicals, radiation & heavy metals ```
27
Male Factors
``` abnormalities in #, shape, swimming motion & viscosity of sperm endocrine disorders adrenal hyperplasia sexual dysfunction anatomic disorders ```
28
Gametogenisis
requires meosis production of new organism (2 stages) results in gametes (sperm & ovum) unite to form zygote (46 chromosomes)
29
Gametogenisis 1st division
chromosomes replicate, pair & exchange info | chromosome pairs separate & cell divides
30
Gametogenisis 2nd division
chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles cells divide forming 4 daughter cells haploid cells (23 chromosomes, 22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome) Mutations (trisomy)
31
Germinal stage | pre-embryonic
``` first 14 days of human development morula is formed (12-16 cells) blastocyst (100 cells) inner cell mast develops into fetus trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) develops into placenta & fetal membranes ```
32
Implantation of Conceptus
right place, right time site: fundus critical to have continuous supply of hormones occurs between 6th-10th days zygote secretes HCG-> corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone
33
False negative pregnancy tests
HCG can't be detected until after implantation --> results in false negative if the test is done too early
34
Monozygotic Twins
single ovum & sperm divides into 2 identical twins same genetic material, same gender two amnions, one chorion, one placenta
35
Dizygotic Twins
two ova fertilized by 2 sperms may or may not be same gender, not identical two amnions, 2 chorions, 2 placentas
36
HCG & Progesterone
HCG 17-7340 mIU/ml- normal @5 wks Progesterone 12-20 ng/ml @5-6 wks HCCG should increase 60% q 2-3 days or double q 48-72 hrs progesterone should increase 1-3 ng/ml every couple days
37
Embryonic Stage
3rd-8th week most likely time for any fetal damage due to teratogens all organs are forming
38
Week 3
menstrual period missed embryonic disk- 3 germ layers form early heart development starts
39
Week 4
``` folds at head and tail forming "C" neural tube closes beginnings of internal eye and ear upper ext. bud lungs & GI tract start development ```
40
Week 5
embryo is 4 in w/ large head heart develops 4 chambers lower ext bud placenta works its way into endometrium & blood vessels, embryo rids itself of waste products
41
Week 6
heart reaches final 4 chamber form facial & ear develop midline gap closes, tail starts to recede digits develop yolk sac inside GI sac--> earliest source of nutrients
42
Week 7
eyelids & internal organs form | -liver, intestines, kidneys
43
Week 8
every system is formes eyelids are formed and fuse external genitalia still differentiating
44
Teratogens
TORCH ``` toxoplasmosis other (syphillis, ghonorrhea, chlamydia etc) Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes Genitalis ```
45
Toxoplasmosis
Risks: eating raw/ undercooked meat, cleaning cat litter box leads to miscarriage, mental retardation, anemia, jaundice, deafness & seizures later in pregnancy the inf. occurs= less severe to fetus

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