ANTHRLCUL 101 - Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Methods of Ethnography Cultural Consultants/Informants

Answer 1

A key group of individuals who will work closest with you during the fieldwork in which a close relationship and communication are essential elements.

Answer 2

A form of an interview that focuses on gathering information about the lifetime of experiences of a particular person.

Answer 3

Surveys allow anthropologists to get more objective answers from a large group of people and can be used to identify potential interviewees or a general consensus of broad patterns.

Answer 4

Keeping track of relations between members of a group through the use of diagrams, kinship charting (which can help lead to information regarding social/political organization), etc.

Answer 5

Studying a population over a period of time with repeated visits with the potential goal to track change over time or simply because the return to a field has become easier in modern times.

Answer 6

A research strategy focusing on local explanations and meanings. How do the locals perceive their own meanings, rules, reasons for behaviors, etc.?

Answer 7

A research strategy emphasizing the ethnographer's explanations and categories. How does the ethnographer perceive the culture based on their training and comparison with other cultures from a wide literature?

Answer 8

Commitments: Anthropologists develop obligations to and become representative of funders, universities, host nation, the American Anthropological Association (AAA), the people with whom they work, etc. Ethical Considerations: fulfill the AA code of ethics by doing no harm, protection of identity, proper consent, maintenance of reputation, sensitivity to community members, etc.

Answer 9

Believed that participating in a border crossing was inappropriate as migrants will be warier about being caught and having a stranger amongst them who heightens the pressure of the expedition. DeLeon argued that Holmes could be too focused on voicing his own story and experience although it is not an authentic one. Interviewed migrants in preparation for a crossing, those caught and detained, and some who have helped other migrants to make successful crossings. Elaborated on the "State of Exception" by observing and analyzing what people packed, why certain items were chosen, and how an item was deemed a necessity. Researched how bodies and identifying belongings experience decay and dispersement in the desert by running an experiment with slaughtered pigs dressed in human clothing and carrying human belongings.

Answer 10

Participated in a border crossing with a group of undocumented immigrants through the research method of participant observation in order to better understand the complicated issues of immigration, social hierarchy, and health. "Voluntary migration" may not be voluntary at all given global economic regimes. Believed it was important to participate in the border crossing because he wanted to analyze the link between suffering and bodily experience by witnessing and experiencing firsthand the suffering that he writes about.

Answer 11

Systems of human behavior and thought, traditions, and customs that are transmitted through learning that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.

Answer 12

A wink is deliberate, directed to someone in particular, intended to impart a particular message, according to a socially established code, and without the cognizance of the rest of the company. A twitch is an unintentional, sudden convulsive movement of the muscle.

Answer 13

Culture patterns our thoughts and perceptions of time (12 vs 24 hour time, earliness vs tardiness) and space (organization of city structures). Azande (Space and Witchcraft) Witchcraft, a central part of Azande culture, was believed to be a physical property passed down through familial blood that can deploy to cause harm to others within a certain distance. Families with close relationships with others would reside in closely knit communities farther away from others and close to water sources as a form of protection and resource collection.

Answer 14

Cultures are made up of learned behaviors as we are not born knowing our culture and are capable of learning any culture.

Answer 15

Culture is a broad and complex phenomenon that can be found in every aspect of life that is largely responsible for human behavior.

Answer 16

Cultures are patterned and integrated so that changes in a cultural aspect affect other aspects. The organic analogy refers to culture as a living organism, but it is not perfectly coordinated, stable, or conflict-free; cultural conflict leads to social change.

Answer 17

Cultures consist of shared attributes within groups that can be transmitted throughout society. There exist shared norms that act as rules of behavior and shared values about what is correct.

Answer 18

International culture extends beyond national borders (religious organizations, language), national culture associates with a country (American freedom), and state/regional culture is within smaller geographic boundaries (NC barbeque, southern values).

Answer 19

Cultures all involve classification systems and symbols that are used to create verbal or nonverbal meanings that organize, classify, and interpret the world.

Answer 20

Human societies adapt to their environments through biological and cultural adaptations. These adaptations can be positively and negatively impactful on human societies in the short and long term.

Answer 21

Conflict and creation can make change through an independent agency, contact with other cultures, invention, globalization, and cultural homogenization.

Answer 22

The process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations to understand how to be a member of a particular group.

Answer 23

The culture with the greatest wealth and power in a society that consists of many subcultures, imposes norms and values, and retains power through control of institutions.

Answer 24

A group within a society that shares norms and values significantly different from those of the dominant culture.

Answer 25

Actions that individuals take that form and transform their own cultural identities. People have the power to do things.

Answer 26

The spread of cultural elements from one society to another through direct, forced, or indirect methods.

Answer 27

The process by which cultures develop contact with global society and develop an international presence. There was a fear that globalization would lead to an inevitable cultural homogenization through contact between different cultures.

Answer 28

An object or way of thinking that is based upon but is qualitatively different from existing forms. Can find similar inventions in cultures that are completely separated and different. Ex. Agriculture was developed amongst many different cultures despite no contact.

Answer 29

The tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging other cultures.

Answer 30

The idea that cultures should be evaluated in the context of the culture's own histories and values rather than according to the values of another culture.

Answer 31

The ethnocentrism of Western societies has had greater consequences than that of other societies as wealth and military technology provide the ability to impose beliefs and practices on others.

Answer 32

The burqa is a symbol of oppression and patriarchal exploitation in the West and a symbol of religious piety for the Taliban and its wearer. Abu-Lughod analyzes the burqa to be a form of "portable seclusion" as it allows the wearer to communicate belonging in a community, display modesty, and maintain personal morality. The ethnocentric method of associating veiling with oppression, the Taliban, and terrorism has severe consequences and is intentionally used as a way to justify war in Afghanistan as a lead to "liberate women".

Answer 33

Lee is researching how foraging systems work within the !Kung Bushmen's hunter-gatherer society. He is teased with comments "insulting the meat" of the meaty ox that he planned to offer as a gift to the village's Christmas custom. He eventually realizes through an emic approach that this custom of belittling and downplaying accomplishments is a method in which to prevent a superiority complex (cool the heart) whilst maintaining humbleness and gentleness.

Answer 34

Conklin elaborated on research regarding how compassionate cannibalism was a cultural practice within an Amazonian society, the Wari'. These actions were viewed as barbaric and savage from an ethnocentric perspective, but Conklin wanted to do further research to properly understand the meaning behind the actions. Emic explanation: Consuming the meat of a lost member was partially to help the grieving family to move on as they did not have to envision their dead family member intact in the cold, wet ground. Furthermore, by making a body no longer intact and recognizable, the ties between life and death were loosened.

Answer 35

Rosaldo studied past head-hunting practices of the Ilongot which happened in connection with the grief and rage that people feel at unnatural deaths. When a member died of an unnatural death, warriors of the community would go headhunting to a neighboring community to take a life. Emic explanation: With the feelings of grief come feelings of rage and anger. The culturally recognized way to release the rage was to head-hunt and then discard the rage with the head. If the rage was not released through a head-hunt, then that individual would become a nonfunctioning member of society due to the blocked, overwhelming rage.

Answer 36

A communication system based on meaningful signs, sounds, gestures, or marks; the primary means of human communication. (The human language is unique as it is the only language that utilizes speech.)

Answer 37

The form of communication among nonhuman primates composed of a limited number of sounds that are tied to specific stimuli in the environment.

Answer 38

A basic set of principles, conditions, and rules that form the foundation of all languages. (connected to Noam Chomsky) Ex. babies use similar sounds for "mama, papa, eomma, appa"

Answer 39

Humans can combine words and sounds into new, meaningful utterances that they have not heard before; the creation of new, comprehensible expressions.

Answer 40

Human languages can describe things and events that are not happening in the present.

Answer 41

Phonology is the study of the sounds that make up a language; the sound system of a language. Ex. in Turkish the "r" sound is pronounced as a soft "j" sound A phoneme is the smallest identifiable unit of sound that is meaningful in any language. Ex. law and raw are phonemes because of their distinct meanings

Answer 42

Morphology is the study of the system for creating words from sounds; the study of word construction. Ex. teach/er/s or student/s

Answer 43

A system of rules for combining words into sentences; conventions of sentence structure.

Answer 44

The total stock of words in a language; vocabulary

Answer 45

A set of words describing particular areas of experience that are important to certain groups. Ex. the business field utilizes "garbage language" or "corporate speak"

Answer 46

Body position, movement, facial expression, gaze, and their respective meanings.

Answer 47

The study of the cultural use of interpersonal space.

Answer 48

Linguistic change refers to how word associations, terminology, and meanings change over time to adapt to the nature of modern society. Ex. "tweet", "rizz", "they"

Answer 49

The study of language in society; the study of the relationship between language and culture and the ways language is used in varying social contexts.

Answer 50

Speech patterns of women are closer to "standard" English. This is believed to be based on the concept that women have less stability within societal roles and feel more secure when utilizing professional, polite language. (rapport vs report)

Answer 51

Labov's study analyzes how the pronunciation of English words differs between the elite and working class within the workplace. The elite class pronounced the "r" in the word fourth whilst the working class did not. Thus, a stigmatization formed that associated such speech patterns with being a part of a certain social class.

Answer 52

A relatively uniform dialect spoken by many black communities, especially in urban areas/casual conversation

Answer 53

A primary form of English taught in the American education system used for speaking and writing in formal, professional settings.

Answer 54

The switching between languages or speech styles according to social context, seamlessly and appropriately.

Answer 55

Modern communication has transitioned to the primary form of communication of texting. A text-heavy environment has changed perceptions of what is appropriate or favorable. SMS messaging as a form of basic communication allows people to plan their words before communicating but also leads to differences in behavior due to physical separation. There exists the "secretary problem" of unsuccessfully attempting to align schedules and the harsh reality that mistakes are unforgiven through message. Texting culture, specifically in the dating world, leads to frequent harassment and the persistence of messaging toward women. There are basic rules regarding the time until replying to a text, the appropriate amount of text to send, and how "wins" in a conversation.

Answer 56

There is variation in different kinds of AAVE that is specific to different geographical areas and they serve different purposes. AAVE emerged when various slave communities were forced together with no common form of language by taking portions of English and other languages to create a generally shared language amongst the slave communities. When English is taught in the classrooms, black children are often taught that their way of speech is "incorrect" because it is not considered "proper" English. However, this is telling students that their ways of speech and the communication methods that their parents and communities have taught them are wrong.

Answer 57

A society with shared language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship system. Advocacy of or support for one's own nation and its interests, especially to the exclusion of the interests of other nations.

Answer 58

The way in which people are able to bond with a community, despite not having been able to meet all other members, through shared rituals, a sense of identity, associations with certain territories, opposition to a national "other", etc.

Answer 59

A culturally distinct group in a society or region, with shared beliefs, values, habits, customs, norms, homelands, historical experiences, languages, religions, descent, kinship

Answer 60

A country/autonomous political entity consisting of an independent, centrally organized political unit or government.

Answer 61

Ascribed Status: social status based on limited choice (race, age) Achieved Status: social status based on choices or accomplishments (occupation)

Answer 62

A culturally constructed category that is used to justify the differential treatment of racial majorities and racial minorities. Race in Brazil is determined by a flexible system with an array of categories that are determined by and change through uses of language, dress, practiced customs, etc (achieved status). Race in the US is determined along the binary system comparing whiteness and people of color (ascribed status).

Answer 63

Offspring belong to the group of the minority parent, the parent lower in the American racial hierarchy

Answer 64

The physical, observable characteristics of an individual based on their genotype.

Answer 65

The arrangement or classification of people into distinct groups based on inequalities in wealth, power, prestige, etc.

Answer 66

Conflicts that arise between different ethnic groups due to political, social, economic, etc. reasons.

Answer 67

People who have been forced to leave or who flee a country to escape persecution or war.

Answer 68

Genocide: the deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder Ethnic Cleansing (Ethnocide): deliberate measures by a dominant culture intended to destroy an ethnic group Ex. European colonizers prevented African slaves from being able to speak their own language or practice traditions

Answer 69

Fixed ideas, often unfavorable, about what members of a group are like simply due to association.

Answer 70

The devaluing of a group because of its assumed attributes.

Answer 71

To be absorbed into the dominant culture by adopting its patterns and norms.

Answer 72

A society with ethnic groups that are independent from each other in societal and cultural aspects but are economically interdependent.

Answer 73

The belief that cultural diversity is valuable and worth maintaining.

Answer 74

During and after WWI: deportations, forced migration, marches, and massacres of Pontic Greek and Armenian Ottomans through ethnocide and genocide After the Greek-Turkish War, both Greece and Turkey are recognized as separate, independent countries with the population exchange enacted on the basis of religion as religion determined nationality. Shared religion between individuals does not mean a sense of belonging or shared national identity is present. Ultimately, multiculturalism became a strong presence in Turkey and various categorizations developed over time. The resulting decision must be made to either assimilate or face prejudice.

Answer 75

Race and its physical attributes by themselves mean nothing until social meaning and public policy are included; what makes race are the laws and practices that affect life chances and opportunities based on those differences. Whiteness was key to citizenship and colored minorities were never considered to be a part of the "melting pot" of America. Becoming "white by law" was a prevalent concept as political rulings were used to determine how race was identified and individuals, therefore, classified.

Answer 76

Ozawa was a Japanese man who petitioned to the US court to be naturalized as an American citizen. He graduated from Berkeley, held American values, attended Christian church on Sundays, raised his children in an American way, and argued that citizenship should be not based on race but on one's American heart and values. The US court ruled against Ozawa's citizenship as he was not Caucasian by definition.

Answer 77

Thind, a south Asian immigrant, petitioned just 3 months after Ozawa's case on the grounds that Indians were of the Caucasian race based on the science that the US court had used to rule against Ozawa. However, the court then ruled against Thind by arguing that science cannot define race and that race is determined by a subjective understanding shared by the common man (hypocritically contradicting its original ruling).

ANTHRLCUL 101 - Exam 1 Flashcards

(101 cards)