Anti Fungal

Question 1

Where is the common sites of superficial fungal infections happens?

Answer 1

skin and nails.

Question 2

What are the common patient populations at risk for disseminated fungal infections?

Answer 2

Immunodeficient patients (e.g., HIV), patients on immunosuppressive therapy, and cancer patients are at increased risk.

Question 3

What is the specific target of antifungal agents in fungi?

Answer 3

Ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane is the specific target of antifungal agents.

Question 4

What are the types of fungal infections?

Answer 4

1. Superficial skin infections, 2. Localized mucocutaneous infections, 3. Deep-seated or disseminated infections.

Question 5

Name 3 systemic drugs used for systemic fungal infections.

Answer 5

Itraconazole
Flucanazole
Amphotericin B

Question 6

Name 3 topical imidazoles for dermatophyte infections.

Answer 6

Econazole, Clotrimazole and miconazole

Question 7

What oral drugs can be used if topical therapy fails for dermatophyte infections?

Answer 7

Oral itraconazole or terbinafine can be used if topical therapy fails.

Question 8

What are the treatments for cutaneous Candida infections?

Answer 8

Topical miconazole, nystatin, amphotericin, clotrimazole, and econazole are treatments.

Question 9

What are the treatments for candidiasis of the alimentary tract mucosa?

Answer 9

Miconazole, amphotericin, fluconazole, ketoconazole, or nystatin are treatments.

Question 10

What is the treatment for vaginal candidiasis?

Answer 10

Clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, or nystatin are used as pessaries.

Question 11

What is the role of fluconazole in preventing systemic candidiasis?

Answer 11

Fluconazole is given to heavily immunocompromised patients to prevent systemic candidiasis.

Question 12

What is amphotericin B, and what is its mode of action?

Answer 12

Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide that binds to ergosterol, affecting cell permeability. Allow leakage of intracelular ions & enzymes

Question 13

What are the pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B?

Answer 13

Amphotericin B is insoluble in water and not absorbed from the GIT; used IV for systemic infections.

Question 14

What is the therapeutic use of amphotericin B?

Answer 14

Amphotericin B has broad-spectrum action against various fungi, including Candida and Aspergillus.

Question 15

What are the common adverse effects of amphotericin B?

Answer 15

Adverse effects include fever, chills, muscle spasms, vomiting, headache, and renal impairment.
Reduce erythropoitin—–> anaemia
Hepatic toxicity

Question 16

What is Nystatin used for?

Answer 16

Nystatin is used topically for local candidal infections and is not absorbed significantly.
Oropharyngeal thrush
Vaginal candidiasis

Question 17

What is the main action of azoles?

Answer 17

H202 acumilattion cause. Azoles disrupt ergosterol synthesis, causing defective cell membranes.

Question 18

What are the therapeutic uses of ketoconazole?

Answer 18

Ketoconazole is used for topical treatment of dermatophytosis and seborrheic dermatitis.

Question 19

What are the interactions of ketoconazole?

Answer 19

Ketoconazole can impair absorption with drugs lowering gastric acidity and inhibit P450 metabolism.

Question 20

What are the adverse effects of ketoconazole?

Answer 20

Adverse effects of ketoconazole include nausea, headache, liver function impairment, and gynecomastia.

Question 21

What are the uses of miconazole?

Answer 21

Miconazole is used for oral and intestinal fungal infections, and topical application for skin infections.

Question 22

What is the use of itraconazole?

Answer 22

Itraconazole is used for dimorphic fungi and prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients.

Question 23

What are the adverse effects of itraconazole?

Answer 23

Adverse effects of itraconazole include transient hepatitis and hypokalemia.

Question 24

What is fluconazole’s pharmacokinetics?

Answer 24

Fluconazole has high oral bioavailability, good CSF penetration, and is excreted unchanged by the kidney.

Question 25

What are the uses of fluconazole?

Answer 25

Fluconazole is used for oropharyngeal candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, and systemic candidiasis prophylaxis.

Question 26

What is the mechanism of action of terbinafine?

Answer 26

Terbinafine interferes with ergosterol biosynthesis and is absorbed from the GIT.

Question 27

What are the adverse effects of terbinafine?

Answer 27

Adverse effects include nausea, diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and cutaneous reactions.

Question 28

What do echinocandins do?

Answer 28

Echinocandins inhibit β-(1,3)-D-glucan synthesis, vital for fungal cell walls.

Question 29

What is the mechanism of action of griseofulvin?

Answer 29

Griseofulvin inhibits mitosis by binding to keratin and must be administered for 4-6 weeks.

Question 30

What are the adverse effects of griseofulvin?

Answer 30

Adverse effects include GI disturbances, rashes, photosensitivity, and drug interactions with warfarin.

Question 31

What is flucytosine, and what does it interfere with?

Answer 31

Flucytosine is a pyrimidine analogue that interferes with fungal nucleic acid synthesis.

Question 32

What are the clinical uses of flucytosine?

Answer 32

Clinical uses include cryptococcal meningitis and some Candida species infections.

Question 33

What are the general management strategies for common fungal infections?

Answer 33

Skin has to kept dry and clean Dm control General management includes correcting predisposing factors and maintaining hygiene.

Question 34

Clotrimazole use ?

Answer 34

Not suitable for systemic use Topical agent for dermatophyte, yeast and other fungal infections

Question 35

Fluconazole advers effects

Answer 35

GI discomfert, headache, reversible alopesia, increase liver enzimes,allefgic rash

Question 36

Uses of Terbinafine

Answer 36

Nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, headache, cutaneous reactions

Question 37

Caspofungin uses

Answer 37

Invasive candidiasis Invasive aspergilosis who not responded to ampotericin and itraconazole