Antibiotics

Question 1

Bacteriostatic Antibiotics

Answer 1

Capable of inhibiting the growth/reproduction of bacteria

Question 2

Bactericidal Antibiotics

Answer 2

Capable of killing bacteria

Question 3

What 5 things can Antibiotics target to disrupt bacteria?

Answer 3

1. Cell wall synthesis
2. Protein synthesis
3. DNA/RNA synthesis
4. Folate (TH4) synthesis
5. Membrane integrity

Question 4

What are the 5 most common Bacteriostatic Antibiotics?

Answer 4

Macrolides
Sulfonamides
Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines
Oxazolidinones

Question 5

What is the most widely used antibiotic?

Answer 5

Beta-lactam

Bactericidal

Question 6

2 most common examples of Beta-lactam antibiotics?

Answer 6

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

Question 7

MOA for Beta-lactams?

Answer 7

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

Question 8

Minor side effects are common with Beta-lactams, are anaphylactic reactions?

Answer 8

NO

Question 9

Bacteria produce ______ enzymes that resist antibiotics (ex. penicillinase)

Answer 9

Beta-lactamase

Question 10

What inhibitors prevent resistance and are used with beta-lactam antibiotics?

Answer 10

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

Question 11

Medication for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?

Answer 11

Tazobactum + Piperacillin

beta-lactamase inhibitor + beta-lactam antibiotic

Question 12

Tazobactum is a?

Answer 12

Beta-lactamase inhibitor

Question 13

What penicillin treats strep throat and syphillis?

Answer 13

Benzathine Penicillin

Question 14

Benzathine Penicillin is safe or unsafe during pregnancy?

Answer 14

SAFE

Question 15

Ceftriaxone is what type of beta-lactam antibiotic?

Answer 15

Cephalosporin Gen. 3

Question 16

What does Ceftriaxone treat?

Answer 16

E. Coli –> Acute pyelonephritis
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Infections after surgery

Question 17

What patient population often gets acute pyelonephritis after E.coli and can be treated with ceftriaxone?

Answer 17

Young adult women

Question 18

Risk of cross-reactivity with penicillins and cephalosporins is acceptable when the patient has a history of?

Answer 18

Minor allergic-like reaction

Question 19

2 Beta-lactam antibiotics used to treat staph. aureus?

Answer 19

Methicillin

Oxacillin

Question 20

MSSA/OSSA

Answer 20

Methicillin/Oxacillin Susceptible Staph. Aureus

Question 21

MRSA/ORSA

Answer 21

Methicillin/Oxacillin Resistant Staph. Aureus

Question 22

What does MRSA/ORSA produce to make the staph. aureus resistant to treatment with the beta-lactam antibiotics?

Answer 22

Penicillinase

Question 23

MRSA/ORSA are treated with?

Answer 23

Vancomycin

Question 24

2 adverse effects of Macrolides?

Answer 24

Inhibit cytochrome P450 drug metabolism

Produce cardiac effects like QT prolongation and Torsade de pointes

Question 25

Common ex. of a Macrolides?

Answer 25

Erythromycin

Question 26

Common ex. of an Aminoglycoside?

Answer 26

Streptomycin

Question 27

What few things are Aminoglycosides used to treat?

Answer 27

Sepsis | Respiratory and urinary and intra-abdominal infections

Question 28

Where is Chloramphenicol used?

Answer 28

Low income countries

Question 29

Chloramphenicol treats?

Answer 29

Conjunctivitis

Question 30

Chloramphenicol is no longer used in developed nations due to safety concerns and resistance. What are possible side effects?

Answer 30

Bone marrow suppression Gray Baby syndrome Nausea, diarrhea

Question 31

What is Gray Baby Syndrome and what is it seen with?

Answer 31

Chloramphenicol | Low BP and swollen baby belly

Question 32

Common ex. of a Glycopeptide?

Answer 32

Vancomycin

Question 33

MOA for Glycopeptides? (Vancomycin)

Answer 33

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

Question 34

Vancomycin treats?

Answer 34

MRSA/ORSA

Question 35

Resistance to Quinolone antibiotics evolves rapidly. What is their mechanism of action?

Answer 35

Interferes with DNA replication and transcription

Question 36

Common ex. of a Quinolone?

Answer 36

Ciprofloxacin

Question 37

Quinolones treat?

Answer 37

GU/hospital/community-acquired infections

Question 38

Common ex. of a Oxazolidinone?

Answer 38

Linezolid

Question 39

Oxazolidinone treats?

Answer 39

Gram + bacteria that is resistant to other antibiotics | Skin infections, Pneumonia and TB

Question 40

Sulfonamides usually treat?

Answer 40

Vaginal yeast infections

Question 41

What group of antibiotics used ________ as a solvent that killed people and caused the FDA to form?

Answer 41

Sulfonamides | Diethylene Glycol as solvent

Question 42

Why are Tetracyclines avoided during pregnancy?

Answer 42

Bone growth suppression and staining of the teeth

Question 43

What class of Antibiotics can demonstrate Antiviral activity and why?

Answer 43

Ansamycins | MOA=interferes with RNA synthesis

Question 44

Streptogramins are 2 groups that act?

Answer 44

Synergistically

Question 45

What are Streptogramins used to treat?

Answer 45

Vancomycin Resistant Bacteria

Question 46

With what antibiotic class is resistance rare?

Answer 46

Lipopeptides

Question 47

Lipopeptides MOA?

Answer 47

Disrupts cell membrane function

Question 48

Common ex. of Lipopeptides?

Answer 48

Daptomycin

Question 49

Daptomycin treats?

Answer 49

Severe infections by Gram + bacteria | Staph. Aureus endocarditis and bacteremia

Question 50

What antibiotic is an alternative to penicillin?

Answer 50

Clindamycin

Question 51

Clindamycin is a ______ antibiotic

Answer 51

Bacteriostatic

Question 52

FDA Pregnancy categories from least harmful to most harmful

Answer 52

``` A B - safe C - have not been shown to harm fetus D - should be avoided if possible X - should NOT be used ```

Question 53

When should Category D antibiotics be taken?

Answer 53

ONLY if the alternative is worse

Question 54

Doxycycline Streptomycin (aminoglycoside) Tetracycline Tigecycline

Answer 54

Category D antibiotics

Question 55

What does Streptomycin cause in fetuses?

Answer 55

Newborn hearing loss

Question 56

Vancomycin resistant bacteria produce what at the C termini?

Answer 56

D-Ala:D-Lac | D-Ala:D-Ser

Question 57

What is Vancomycin drawn to normally at the C termini?

Answer 57

D-Ala:D-Ala

Question 58

With Vancomycin resistance, Vancomycin does not bind and what results?

Answer 58

Stable cross-links