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2020 MHS microbiology unit 2 > antibiotics-12 must know > Flashcards

antibiotics-12 must know Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q
  • “remove your negativity”
  • discovered in 1944
  • first isolated from streptomyces griseus
A

aminoglycosides

  1. primarily used to treat gram-negative rods
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2
Q

remove your netativity, refers to what antibiotic and why?

how does it work

uses and limitations

A

aminoglycoside

  1. primarily used to treat Gram negative rods
  2. works- bactteriacidal
    1. enters bacteria through oxygen-dependent transport
    2. irreversibly binds to ribosomal 30s unit and inhibits protein synthesis
  3. uses
    1. UTI’s, endocarditis, minor sking infections
  4. limitations
    1. increased resistance strains
    2. possible nephro-, ototoxicity
    3. used IV/IM
    4. dose adjustments are needed
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3
Q
  1. first class of drugs to be succesful against tuberculosis
  2. may exacerbate weakness with people who have Myasthenia gravis
A

aminoblycosides

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4
Q

“better together”, describes what antibiotic?

what is the mechanism, use and limitations?

A

streptogramins

  1. mech - block translation
    1. dalfopristin binds 50s ribosomal subunit
    2. irreversible confirmational change = block translation
    3. confirmational change also allows for quinopristin to bind and cause premature release of peptide chains
  2. use
    1. against gram positive
      1. staphyloccoci(MRSA), streptococci and faecium(VRF)
  3. limitations
    1. not active against enterobacteriaceae or otherROD gram negative
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5
Q

Dr.James decided to treat an infection with enterobacteriaceae with strepgramins. Is this a good choice, why/why not?

A

no

  1. limitations
    1. not active against enterobacteraceae
    2. not active against gram negative RODS
  2. a better choice would be an aminoglycosides
    1. ?
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6
Q

First class of drugs to be successful againt TB, and be effective.

A

aminoglycoside

  1. bactericidal
  2. may exacerbate WEAKNESS in people with myastthenia gravis
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7
Q

bactercidal

enters bacteria through oxygen dependent transport

binds irreversibly to ribosomal 30s unit and inhibits proteins synthesis

A

aminoglycosides

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8
Q

usage

  1. primarily gram negative
  2. treats severe infections caused by aerobic gram netaive oranismsm
  3. best modes of delivery
    1. IV,IM and topical

what are the limtis

A

aminoglycosides

limits

  1. increased resistance
  2. possible toxicity
    1. nephro, otototoxicity
  3. more commonly used via IV.IM
  4. dose adjustment needed
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9
Q

antibiotics with a pair of synergistic constituentts that have bactercidal effects, especially agains gram positive.

what is the mechanism of the antibiotic?

A

streptogramins

  1. bactercidal
  2. dalfopriston binds to 50s ribosomal subunit, this causes an irreversble confirmation
  3. the confirmation allows for a site that quinoprisitn cna bind to
  4. stopping translation
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10
Q
  1. bactericidal
  2. dolfopriston bonds to 50s ribosomal subunit, this causes an irreversible confirmation
  3. the confirmation allows for a sitte that quinopritin can bind to
  4. stopping translation

what is the usage and limitations of this antibiotic?

A

streptogramins

  1. usage
    1. primarily gram positive
      1. MRSA,VRF, streptococci
    2. skin, pulmonary and genitourinary infection
  2. limits
    1. not active against
      1. enerobacteraceae
      2. gram negative rods
    2. can’t use when pregnant
    3. short half life
    4. liver damage
    5. gram negative resistant
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11
Q
  1. approved in the usa in 2003
  2. found in soil bacterium called stretomuces roseosporus
  3. recenttly removed from WHO’s list of essential medicine in 2019

what is the mechanism?

A

lipopeptides

  1. mechanism
    1. bactericidal
    2. binding via Ca2+ dependent mechanism
    3. insertion into plasma membran
    4. oligomerizatiton
    5. formation of K+ pore -> generates mass cell depolarization
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12
Q
  • bactericidal
  • binding via Ca++ dependent mech
  • insertion into plasma membrane
  • oliogomerization
  • formation of K+ pore -> generates mass cell depolarization

what are uses and limitations?

A

lipopeptides

  • usage
    • Gram positive
    • multidrug resistant
  • limitations
    • Gram negative
    • Daptomycin
    • pneumonia
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13
Q
  1. is hydrophobic
  2. rifamicin
  3. treats: leprosy, aids related mycbactreium infections
  4. a family of bacterial secondary metabolites
    1. stretovaricins and rifamycin
  5. demonstrate antiviral activity

what is the mechanism?

A

Ansamycin

  1. mechanism
    1. bactercidal
    2. binds to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
    3. inhibits RNA synthesis
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14
Q
  1. bactercidal
  2. binds to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
  3. inhibits RNA synthesis

what are the uses and limitatitons?

A

ansamycin

  1. uses
    1. tuberculosis
    2. gram negative and gram positive
  2. limitations
    1. resisttance can develop rapidly
    2. gram positive mutations in genes that code for RNA pol can inhibit binding
    3. gram negative decreased uptake of hydrophibic antibiotic can occur
    4. not to be used if patient has
      1. diarrhea
      2. fever
      3. blood in stool
      4. E. coli infection
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15
Q
  1. rifampicin
    1. 1st and lastt antituberculosis drug in use
  2. wide spread use in treatment of
    1. tuberculosis
    2. leprosy
    3. AIDS
      1. related mycobacterial infections
A

ansamycin

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16
Q
  1. discovered in 1930’s
  2. most widely used antibiotic
  3. gram posistive >>gram negative

what is the mechanism of this antibiotic?

A

B-lactams

  1. bactericidal
  2. inhibits cell wall synthesis
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17
Q
  1. bactericidal
  2. inhibits cell walls synthesis

what are the uses and limitations of this antibiotic?

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A

beta-lactams

  1. uses
    1. penicillin susceptible
      1. streptococcus pneumonia
      2. meningitis
      3. steptococcal pharyngitis
      4. endocarditis
      5. neisseria menigitidis
      6. syphilis
    2. skin infections
    3. work best with gram positive
    4. IV,IM, oral
  2. limitations
    1. bacteria can produce b-lactamase, deactivattting b-lactams by breaking down the lactam ring
    2. side effects
      1. diarrhea
      2. fever
      3. rash
      4. super infections
    3. b lactamases develop resistance
18
Q

alexander flemming gave this to his assistance for a sinus infection and had bacteria cleared out in a few hours.

19
Q

tried and true

20
Q

antibiotic for all

  1. isolated from streptmyces venequealae
  2. primarily used in low invome countries

what is the mechanism for this antibiotic?

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A

chloramphenicol

  1. mechanism
    1. bacteristatic
    2. inhibits the activitty of peptidyl transferase in the 50S ribosomal subunit
21
Q

bacteriostatic

inhibits the activity of peptidyl transferase in the 50s ribsomal subunit

what are the usages and limitations of this antibiotic?

Study These Flashcards
A

chloramphenicol

  1. uses
    1. disease
      1. conjuctivitis
      2. meningitis
      3. cholera
      4. plague
    2. used for both gram positive and negative
    3. effective against mycoplasma
  2. limitattions
    1. inhibit mitchondrial protein synthesis
    2. shut down bone marrow
    3. gray baby syndrome
      1. rare life threatening conditino
      2. lack of liver enzymes leads to accumulation of medication in bloodstream
22
Q

first broad spectrum antibiotic

Study These Flashcards
A

chloramphenicol

23
Q

the trailblazer

first commercial anti-biotic

what is the mechanism of this antibiotic?

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A

sulfonamides

  1. mechanism
    1. bacteriostatic
    2. competative inhibitor DHPS
    3. prevents folic acid synthesis
      1. doesn’t interfere with mammalian cells
24
Q
  1. bactteriostatic
  2. competative inhibitor DHPS
  3. prevents folic acid synthesis
    1. doesn’t interfere with mammalian cells

what are the uses and limitations of this antibiotic?

Study These Flashcards
A

solfonamides

  1. uses
    1. UTIs
    2. gram negative and gram positive
  2. limitations
    1. resistance
      1. exogenous thymidine
      2. premeability barriers
      3. low affinity of dihydro folate reductase
    2. pregnancy
    3. RX interactions
      1. amylane
      2. progesterone
      3. dexketoprofen
      4. mecamylamine
25
3% are allergic to arylamine group of this drug
sulfonamides
26
1. peaking early 2. teeth discoloration 3. photosensitivity 4. Tx what is the mechanism of this drug?
tetracycline 1. bacteriostatic 2. reversibly binds to 30S 3. blocking incoming aminoacyl ttRNA from binding to ribosomal acceptor site 4. preventing elongation
27
1. bacteriostatic 2. reversibly binds to 30s 3. blockingincoming aminoacyl tRNA from binding to ribosomal acceptor site 4. preventing elongation what are the uses and limtations of this antibiotic?
tetracylcine 1. uses 1. diseases 1. acne 2. chlamydia 3. cholera 4. plague 5. UTI 6. anthrax 7. URI 2. broad spectrum 1. Tx protozoan 2. limitations 1. pregnancy 2. breast feeding 3. young children 4. renal failure 5. liver disease
28
causes yellow discoloration
tetracycline
29
1. the specialist 2. narrow spectrum 3. drug of last resort what is the mechanism of this antibiotic?
oxazolindinones 1. bacteriostatic 2. binds to 50s ribosomal subunit 3. distorts site for tRNA 4. inhibits formatiton of 70S
30
1. bacteriostatic 2. binds tto 50S ribosomal subunit 3. distorts site for tRNA 4. inhibits formation of 70S what are the uses and limitations for this antibiotic?
oxazolindinones 1. uses 1. active against gram positive rods and cocci 2. limitations 1. ineffective towards gram negative bacteria
31
initially was too toxic. re-evaluation of the drug lead to discovery of 2 promising candidates. What is the class and the drugs?
Oxazolindinones eperezolid and linezolid
32
1. plan B 2. derived from 1. stertomyces 2. erythromycin 3. azithromycin 4. clarithromycin 5. roxithromycin what is the mechanism of this antibiotic?
microlides 1. mechanism 1. bacteriostatic 2. reversibly binding to P site of 23S subunit of the 50S ribosome 3. inhibinting peptidyl transferase, and blocking polypeptide elongation
33
1. bacteriostatic 2. reversiblly binding to P site of 23s subunit of the 50s ribosome 3. inhibiting peptidyl transferase, and blocking polypeptide elongation what are the uses and limitations of this antibiotic?
microlides 1. uses 1. treats pulmonary infections 1. mycoplasma 2. legionella 3. chlamydia 2. used on gram negative and gram positive 3. given to people infected with gram positive and are allergic to penecilin 2. limitations 1. resistance by inactivation of bacterial enzymes 1. mutations in 23s ribosomes 2. primary resistance -\> metthylation of 23s subunit 3. most gram negative are resistant
34
macrocyclic lactone ring bound by two sugars * desosamine and cladinose
microlides
35
the last stand 1. resistance plasmid transferred by conjugation 2. vancomycin is used to diagnose von williebrand disease what is the mechanism for the class of antibiotic?
glycopeptides 1. mechanism 1. inhibit late stage in bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to ***_D-Ala-D-Ala_*** terminal of growing peptide chain 2. stops glycosdidic bonds
36
inhibit late stage in bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to ***_D-Ala-D-Ala_*** terminal of growing peptid chain stopd glycosidic bonds what are the uses and limitations of this antibiotic?
glycopeptides 1. uses 1. gram posittive antibacterial ONLY!!! 2. used for MRSA 3. best, IV, NOT ORAL 2. limitations 1. ineffective against gram negative 2. oral vancomycin 1. not effective against non-GI infections 3. IV vancomycin 1. not effective against 1. enterocolitis 2. C.dificile 2. causes diharrea 4. not metabolized in the stomach, liver or kidneys
37
1. resistance is futile 2. last line of defense against microbes 3. not isolated from living organisms, but designed by chemists What is the mechanism for this class of antibiotics?
quinolones 1. binds and prevents the function of DNA topisomerase type 2 (gyrase and type 4 1. converts them into toxic enzymes 2. type dependent 1. Gram negative 1. DNA gyrase alpha 2. gram positive 1. topoisomerase 4
38
1. binds an prevents the function of DNA topisomerase Type 2(gyrase) and Type 4 1. converts them into toxic enzymes 2. type dependent 1. gram negative 1. DNA gyrase alpha 2. gram positive 1. topoisomerase 4 what are the uses and limitations for this class of antibiotics?
quinolones 1. uses 1. gram negative and gram positive 2. UTI, STD, TB, pyelonephritis, skin infection 2. limtiations 1. pregnancy 2. children 3. dialysis 4. blood thinners 5. myasthenia gravis 6. no caffiene 7. no chocolate 8. no warfarin 9. no NSAIDs
39
1. accidentally discovered as a by-product of antimalarial chlorquine 2. increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture 3. with NSAIDs may increase CNS stimulation + convulsions
quinolones
40
Trailblazers peak early, but specilaists always make a plan b for all adventures
1. all the Static drugs 1. trailblazer = sulfanomides 2. peak early = tetracyclin 3. specialist = oxazonlindinones 4. plan b =microlides 5. for all = chloramphenicol
41
resistance is futile in the last stand. Working better together with wonder drugs to make us dapper, tried and true by removing our negativity.
a list of the cidal drugs, Paired with Quinn Go Salba (salsa with a b) 1. resistance is futile=Quinalones 2. the last stand = glycopeptides 3. better together = streptogramins 4. wonder drugs =ansamycin 5. dapper =lipopetides 6. tried and true= b-lactams 7. remove your negativity = aminoglycosides

2020 MHS microbiology unit 2 (5 decks)

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