Urogenital 1 of 2

Question 1

what is the usual cause of UTI?

Answer 1

Escherichia coli, and other members of the Entercacteriaceae familyu

Question 2

comprises 1% of all out-patient visits

Answer 2

UTI

Question 3

what are the affects of spermicide use?

Answer 3

1. spermicide increases colonization of vagina with uropathogens
2. spermicides increase adherence of Escherichia coli to vaginal epithelial cells

Question 4

infection of the bladder wall

Answer 4

cystitis

1. infection of the bladder wall
2. symptoms
   
   1. frequency and urgency to urinate and dysuria(painful urination)
   2. pain and tenderness in suprapubic area
   3. urine
      
      1. malodorous
      2. bloody
   4. bacteria and WBC found in urine

Question 5

most commonly follows bladder infection

Answer 5

pyelonephritis

1. an infection of the kidney and renal pelvis
2. most commonly follows a bladder infection
3. acute
   
   1. WBCs
   2. cellular casts
   3. bacteria
   4. protein appear in the urine
4. chronic
   
   1. gradual nephron loss
   2. renal failure

Question 6

inflammation of the urethra usually caused by UTI

Answer 6

urethritis

Question 7

inflammation in the nephrons, the glomerulus becomes leaky

Answer 7

glomerulonephritis

1. inflammation of the glomeruli in the nephrons
2. glomerular capillary network becomes leaky allowing plasma protein and blood cells to be excreted in the urine

Question 8

inflammation of the prostat gland usually follows what process?

Question 9

what are the three virulence factors for bacteria that cause UTIs?

Answer 9

Virulaence factors

1. Adherence to vaginal and uroepithelial cells
2. cytotoxic, necrotizing factors
3. hemolysin

Question 10

what determines the anatomical location of infection?

Answer 10

Adhesive properties determine the anatomical location of infection

1. adhesion to vaginal and periurethral cells
   
   1. avle to coloinize the urethral opening

Question 11

gram negative rods

facultative anaeroves

most common source of UTI

1. what is the
   
   1. pathogenicity
   2. treatment

Answer 11

E. coli

1. gram negative rods
2. facultative anaerobes
3. most common source of urinary tract infections
4. occurs after contaimination of the genital area with feces
5. pathogenicity
   
   1. adhere to mucosa via pili
      
      1. causes tissue damage
   2. endotoxin (LPS) causes inflammation
6. treatment
   
   1. penicillin
   2. ciprofloxacin

Question 12

E coli

1. type
2. O2
3. causes
4. pathogenicity
5. treatment

Answer 12

1. E coli
2. gram negative rods
3. facultative anaerobes
4. most common source of UTI
   
   1. occurs after contamination of the genital area with feces
5. pathogenicity
   
   1. adhere to mucosa via pili
      
      1. causes tissue damage
   2. endotoxin (LPS) causes inflammation
6. Treatment
   
   1. penicillin
   2. ciprofloxcin

Question 13

gram positive cocci

honeymoon cystitis

Answer 13

staphylococcus saprophyticus

1. gram positive cocci
2. biochemical attributes
   
   1. nitrite negative
   2. nonhemolytic (y-hemolysis)
   3. caralase positive
   4. cagulase negative
   5. novobiocin resistant
3. UTI occurs in sexually-active women
   
   1. honeymoon cystitis
   2. 5-15% of UTIs

Question 14

staphylococcus saprophyticus

1. type
2. biochemical attribute
3. occurs in

Answer 14

staphyloxoxxus saprophyticus

1. gram-positive cocci
2. biochemical attributes
   
   1. nitirite negative
   2. nonhemolytic (Y-hemolysis)
   3. catalse positive
   4. coagulase negative
   5. novobicin resistant
3. UTI occurs in sexually active women
   
   1. honymoon cystits
   2. 5-15% o UTIs

Question 15

Proteus…

1. type
2. O2
3. type of pathogen
4. enteric …
5. important enzyme
6. motility

Answer 15

1. gram negative rods
2. facultative anaerobes
3. opportunistic pathogens
   
   1. via catheters
4. enteric bacteria
   
   1. similar to E. coli, salmonella, shigella, enterobacter, serratia
5. urease posisitve
   
   1. converts urea to ammonia
      
      1. raising pH
6. higly motile and swarm across agar media
   
   1. peritricous flagella

Question 16

urease positive and highly motile

Answer 16

1. gram negative rods
2. facultative anaerobes
3. opportunistic pathogens
   
   1. via catheters
4. enteric bacteria
   
   1. similar to E. coli, salmonella, shigella, enterobacter, serratia
5. urease posisitve
   
   1. converts urea to ammonia
   2. raising pH
6. highly motile and swarm across agar media
   
   1. peritricous flagella

Question 17

group D streptococci

1. group
2. location of normal flora
3. causes
4. enzyme
5. treatment

Answer 17

enterococcus faecalis

1. group D streprococci
   
   1. classification of the human pathogen pathoegen carbohydrate
   2. allow them to be typed
2. GI tract normal flora
3. causes
   
   1. endocarditis
   2. cystitis
   3. wound infections
   4. gamma hemolysis
4. enzyme
   
   1. catalase negative
5. treatment
   
   1. amoxacillin
   2. ampicillin
   3. vancomycin

Question 18

grows on blood agar, bile-esculin agar and 6.5%NaCl

Answer 18

enterococcus faecalis

1. group D streptococcus
   
   1. human pathogens are A,B,Dand G
2. Gi tract normal flora
3. causes
   
   1. endocarditis
      
      1. bacteremia
   2. cystitis
   3. wound infection
4. virulence
   
   1. development of antibiotic resistance
5. treatment
   
   1. amoxicillin
   2. ampicillin
   3. vancomycin

Question 19

nosocomial UTIs

Answer 19

1. 66-86% follow urinary catheterization

Question 20

differentiate the catherter associated UTI between where they reside normally

Answer 20

1. normal human flora
   
   1. E. coli
   2. klebsiella
   3. proteus
   4. enterococcus sp
   5. enterobacter
   6. candida
2. uncommon human flora
   
   1. serratia marcescens
   2. pseudomonas cepacia

Question 22

can be RBC, WBC,granular or broad waxy

Answer 22

casts- indicate damage or infection of the kidneys

Question 23

increase numbers in poisoning with ehylene glycol, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease, following large vit C intake

Answer 23

calcium oxalate crystals

1. common in acid and neutral urines and processed from oxalate-rich foods such as tomatoes, spinach,rhubarb, garlic, oranges and asparagus

Question 24

common in acid and neutral urines and processed from oxalate-rich foods such as tomatoes, spinach,rhubarb, garlic, oranges and asparagus

Answer 24

1. calcium oxalate crystals
   
   1. increase numbers in poisoning with ehylene glycol, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease, following large vit C intake

Question 25

coffin lids

Answer 25

triple phosphate crystals 1. commonly seen in alkaline urine 2. may not be clinically significant 1. found in normal urine 3. associated with the presence of urea-splitting bacteria

Question 27

commonly seen in alkaline urine associated with the presence of urea splitting bacteria

Answer 27

triple phosphate crytsals coffin lids

Question 28

normal crystals seen in acidic urine

Answer 28

amorphous urate crystals 1. characterization 1. normal crystals seen in acidic urine 2. appear microscopically as yellow-brown granules 3. frequently encountered in specimens that have been refridgerated 4. produce pink sediment

Question 29

presence could mean risk of kidney stone

Answer 29

uric acid crystals 1. presence could indicate increased risk of uric acid kidney stones 2. presence correlates with gout, purine metabolism disorders (lesch-nyhan syndrome)

Question 30

presence correlates with gout

Answer 30

uric acid crystals 1. presence could indicate increased risk of uric acid kidney stones 2. presence correlates with gout, purine metabolic disorders (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome)

Question 31

characterized by decrease in vaginal lactobacilli and decrease in normal vaginal acidity

Answer 31

bacterial vaginosis- gardnerella vaginalis 1. characterized by decrease in vaginal lactobacilli, decrease in normal acidity of the vagina 2. specimen 1. clue cells 1. sloughed off epithelila cells covered with bacteria 2. strong fish odor

Question 32

what are the three bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis

Answer 32

Bacterial vabinosis 1. caharacterized by overgrowth of certain bacteria 1. ***_Garderella vaginalis_*** 2. ***_Gardneralla mobiluncus_*** 3. ***_Mycoplasma hominus_*** 2. accounts for 60% of vulvovaginal infections

Question 34

clue cells

Answer 34

sloughed off epithelial cells covered in bacteria. strong fish odor Garderella vaginalis

Question 35

Clindamycin and metronidazole are used in the treatment of

Answer 35

Bacterial vaginosis: over gorowth of 1. Gardnerella vaginalis 2. Gardnerella mobiluncus 3. Mycoplasma hominus