Antibiotics Flashcards
(42 cards)
Define antiinfectives:
Substances used for treatment of infectious diseases
Division of antimicrobials:
- Antibacterics - against bacteria
- Antimycotics - against moulds and yiests
- Antivirotics - against viruses
Division of antibacterics according to chemical structure:
I. Antibiotics
II. Chemotherapeutics
Division of chemotherapeutics:
a) Sulphanomides
b) Quinolones
c) Nitrofurans
What are antibiotics made from, and how do they work?
- they are products of metabolism of microorganisms
- kill or stop the growing of other microorganisms
Classify antibiotics according to their effect on microorganisms:
- Bacteriostatic
- Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic antibiotics function:
- suppress the growth of bacteria
- used in acute diseases
Examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics:
Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Amfenicols, Diterpens, Lincosamides and Sulphanomides
Bactericidal antibiotics function:
- kill bacteria
- used in chronic diseases
Examples of bactericidal antibiotics:
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenems, Polyptides, Glycopeptides, Ansamycins and Quinolones
Classification of antibiotics according to mechanisms of action: 4
- Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- Permeability of cell membrane
- Protein synthesis inhibitors
- Nucleic acids synthesis inhibitors
Name examples of cell wall synthesis inhibitors:
b-lactams and glycopeptides
Name examples of antibiotics affecting permeability of cell membrane:
polyens, polymyxin, nystatin and amphotericin B
Name examples of protein synthesis inhibitors:
tetracyclines, amphenicols, aminoglycosides, macrolides, pleuromutilins, lincosamides and steroid substances (fusidic acid)
Name examples of nucleic acids synthesis inhibitors:
rifamycins and griseofulvin
Classify antibiotics according to spectrum of action:
I. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics - specific family of bacteria (penicillin G, streptomycin)
II. Broad-spectrum antibiotics - wide range of bacteria, both G+ and G- bacteria (tetracyclines, amfenicols)
III. Slightly-broad spectrum - middle/mean broad antibiotic (semi-synthetic penicillins, aminoglycosides, macrolides)
Special indications - Name anti-staphylococcal antibiotics (6):
Macrolides
Lincomycin
Vancomycin
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
Cephalosporins of some generations
Rifampicin
Special indications - Name antibiotics against G- bacteria (5):
Aminoglycosides
Polymyxins
Cephalosporins
Tetracyclines
Amphenicols
Special indications - Name antibiotics against yiests and fungi:
Amphotericin B
Nystatin
Grizeofulvin
Candicidin
Natamycin
Trichomycin
Special indications - Name antibiotics for topical application:
Bacitracin
Neomycin
What are requirements for an ideal antibiotic?
- Selective target
- Bactericidal
- Narrow spectrum (does not kill normal flora)
- High therapeutic index
- Few adverse reactions
- Various routes of administration
- Good adsorption
- Good distribution to site of infection
- Emergence of resistance is slow
Name adverse effects of antibiotics in animals:
- allergic reaction
- salivation
- emesis
- diarrhea (disruption of normal flora)
- reduction of vit. B synthesis
- resistency
Name adverse effects of antibiotics in products of animal origin:
- allergic reaction
- depreciation meat injection site
- difficulties in processing the milk fermented products
Name adverse effects of antibiotics in humans:
- occurrence of residues in meat, eggs, milk and edible organs
- development of resistance
