Sedatives_opioids Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is the purpose of sedatives?
- Induce sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.
- Used to relax animal before procedures.
- Avoid excitation during recovery.
- Analgesia (pain relief)
How are sedatives given?
Injected into muscle or vein
What is neuroleptanalgesia and neuroleptanesthesia?
Neuroleptanalgesia = a state of sedation and pain control induced for a medical procedure by a combination of opioids analgesics and neuroleptics (sedatives/benzodiazepines).
Neuroleptanesthesia = after inclusion of anesthetics.
Name the 5 groups of sedatives for veterinary importance:
- phenothiazines
- a2-adrenergic agonists
- benzodiazepines
- butyrophenones
- Rauwolfia alkaloids
Name some phenotiazines:
acepromazine, chlorpromazine, promazine, levopromazine
Name some a2-adrenergic agonists:
xylazine, detomidin, medetomidin, dexmedetomidin, romifidin
Name some benzodiazepines:
diazepam, zolazepam, midazolam, clonazepam
Name some butyrophenones:
azaperone, droperidol, haloperidol, fluanisone
Name some Rauwolfia alkaloids:
reserpine, metoserpate
Chlorpromazine:
- affect subcortical regions - calming effect
- lacks analgesic effect
- myorelaxation, parasympathetic,
adrenolytic and antihistaminic effect - supplemented by acepromazine
- antiemetic effects in small animals
- inhibit morphine and apomorphine-
induced emesis in the dog (not cat)
Acepromazine:
- most commonly used tranquilisers in
dogs - decreases anxiety, cause CNS
depression, drop in blood pressure and
heart rate - can be prescribed oral to prevent motion
sickness, or for nail trimming - approved for use in dogs, cats and
horses - no analgesic effect
Acepromazine in dogs can be combined with:
buprenorphine (0.004 mg/kg i.v.), morphine (0.5 mg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (0.6 mg/kg i.v.)
What is Sedalin 35mg/ml?
Doses?
Acepromazine
* oral gel for dogs
- for premedication with general anaesthesia
- for tranquilizing (ataraxia)
- symptomatic treatment in stress or vomiting
* Giant breeds + greyhounds are sensitive
Doses:
slight - 1 mg/kg
sedation - 2 mg/kg
premedication - 3 mg/kg
Xylazine:
- sedative/analgesic with muscle relaxation
- depresses CNS
- different sensitivity of species
- Ru are extremely sensitive
- basal anaesthetic when inj. i.v. or i.m.
What can you combine with xylazine and what is important to remember before?
- ketamin
- 24-hour fasting and 4 hours without fluid intake
- premedication of atropine to prevent unwanted effects (hypersalivation etc.)
xylazine 2 mg/kg to dog, 1-2 mg/kg to cat
ketamin 10 mg/kg to dog, 20 mg/kg to cat (i.m.)
Name combinations of neuroleptanesthesia for dogs:
acepromazine + buprenorphine, acepromazine + xylazine,
acepromazine + morphine,
midazolam + ketamine,
diazepam + ketamine,
diazepam + oxymorphone
Detomidine:
- with analgesic properties
- for handling of animals for examination
- minor surgical procedures
- with or without butorphanol
Medetomidine is used for?
- sedation and analgesia
- premedication (propofol, alfaxolone)
- combined with opioids (butorphanol) and ketamine to produce general anesthesia
Dexmedetomidine is used as?
- sedative and analgesic
- preanasthetic in dogs and cats
What are benzodiazepines?
- minor tranquilizers
- anxiolysis (alleviation of anxiety), sleep and sedation
- induce anasthesia, premedication, sedation and anticonvulsants
Possible combinations for benzodiazepines:
diazepam + oxymorphone,
midazolam + ketamine,
diazepam + ketamine,
zolazepam + tiletamine
Butyrophenones are which kind of sedatives?
- neuroleptic sedatives
Azaperone is used for:
- tranquillisation and sedation, anti-emetic activity, reduces motor activity
- control of aggressiveness when mixing or regrouping weanlings or feeder pigs up to 36 kg
- general tranquilizer for swine
- reduce aggression
- for anesthesia combined with xylazine, tiletamine and zolazepam
Antagonists of neuroleptics and sedatives are used for?
in overdose, or to cancel neuroleptic effects of sedatives
* in particular alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists
