Antibiotics

Question 1

What is miasma?

Answer 1

The through that bad smells and being unclean causes disease

Question 2

What was the main cause of death in WW1 and WW2?

Answer 2

infections > combat

Question 3

What did John Snow find through his map of infected people?

Answer 3

That everyone using the same water pump were getting sick, it was over a cesspit, they removed the handle but the people of the town put it back and caused another outbreak

Question 4

pasteurization 1864

Answer 4

Heating milk and cooling it back down to get rid of bacteria in milk

Question 5

Lister

Answer 5

antisepsis - reduces infection during surgery

Question 6

Paul Erlich - Magic Bullet

Answer 6

a drug that gives you a substance that targets the perfect area

HE noticed that trypan Red selectively colors trypanosomes and not the blood
the structure of the red dye has 2 N’s - AS is similar to N but more poisonous

replacing N’s with AS made an antibiotic Salvarsan 606

Question 7

Salvarsan 606 - treated? drug like?

Answer 7

treated syphilis but not drug like
required many moths, many injections and large volumes, high toxicity

Question 8

Gerhard 1932 - Prontosil

Answer 8

tested in his daughter who had a throat infection, only worked in vivo

Question 9

What does Prontosil only work in vivo?

Answer 9

It’s a prodrug - converts into sulfanilamide through metabolism

Question 10

How does prontosil work?

Answer 10

It blocks an enzyme by mimicking a similar molecule, it gets hammed in the pocket and blocks the function of the enzyme

Question 11

What did Alexander Flemming discover?

Answer 11

Penicillin but he didn’t know it yet

Question 12

What did Flemming see?

Answer 12

he notices that mold prevented bacteria growth, and the mold was selective, only killed a certain type of bacteria
he publishes a paper in 1929 but didn’t understand what he found
- he didn’t think to test this in animals, he was an artist not a drug creator

Question 13

What did Florey and Chain do?

Answer 13

They isolated penicillin.
They read Flemmings paper and contacted him

Question 14

Mold factory:

Answer 14

100kg of the mold that grew on milk = 1g of penecillin

Question 15

how did Florey and chain test the penicillin in animals?

Answer 15

on mice, the mice that got the treatment recovered, the other ones died

police officer suffered an infection and swelling went down after injected with penicillin

Question 16

What helps penicillin grow?

Answer 16

oxygen, so they used tanks to inject oxygen into

Question 17

Why did they make Peoria the penicillin capital?

Answer 17

because they make a lot of beer and beer machines were useful in making penicillin

Question 18

what did they prioritize penicillin for before providing to the public?

Answer 18

D-day, solidiers

Question 19

How does penicillin work?

Answer 19

bacteria cells have a bacteria cell wall which rebuilds during cell division, but penicillin stops that, the internal pressure of the cell then explodes

it destroys the enzyme that makes the cell walls with a beta-lactam ring

Question 20

what do we create with the semi-synthesis of penicillin?

Answer 20

amoxycillin

Question 21

what is a side effect of penicillin?

Answer 21

allergies, sometimes the proteins in our bodies have a group on it in the wrong place which makes it react differently to other proteins

Question 22

antibiotic resistance

Answer 22

bacteria may become resistant to the meds, so we need to create new ones

Question 23

what can contribute to resistance?

Answer 23

over-prescription
prophylactic use

patient compliance - user error

Question 24

What is the reason for instructions?

Answer 24

cause the dose make the drug
“take pill every 4 hours” if you miss it there is time in between for the bacteria to keep growing, must kill ALL bacteria

Question 25

Nosocomaial infections

Answer 25

found in hospital, most dangerous, can’t be treated

Question 26

necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 26

eats you alive

Question 27

staphylococcus aureus

Answer 27

common, 20-30 M cases each year
cut u open and scoop it out, may need amputation

Question 28

Clostridium difficil

Answer 28

caused by poop, about 1M every year