Sports

Question 1

what was the drug that Ben Johnson took? who created it

Answer 1

Stanozolol - John Manson

won gold at the Seoul olympics and 3 days later tested + for enhancing drugs

Question 2

Barry Bonds - 762 home-runs

Answer 2

He was associated with a company involved with performance enhancing drugs

• one year after his record, his contract expired and he was refused reinstatement and no one signed him

Question 3

What happened to Marion Jones?

Answer 3

She was an olympic athelete who’s husband was associated with the same company as Barry so she was s suspected to taking drugs

she refused but when she admitted her gold medals got removed and she spent 6 months in jail for lying

Question 4

What did ancient olympic athletes take as drugs, why did they keep it a secret?

Answer 4

they would use plants, herbs, and potions

they didn’t tell anyone for the advantage, they were encouraged to take them

Question 5

Where did the term “dop” come from?

Answer 5

from the zulu warriors alcoholic drink (pre-ritual to get ready to fight)

Question 6

Who were the first being to start doping?

Answer 6

Horses in horse racing… however it would work in the opposite direction of what we see doping as today

They would use dope to slow down fast horses in order for to win. The more people that vote, the less money you get… no one will vote for a slow horse, so if u slow the fast ones and the slow ones win… you win

Question 7

What was the first-ever dope test?

Answer 7

collecting saliva from the horses to detect substances

Question 8

What substances were used to enhance endurance in cycling?

Answer 8

caffeine, cocaine, alcohol -> not effective

nitroglycerine + strychnine -> could if it doesn’t kill you - could purchase in stores

Question 9

What were the conditions of the Olympic marathon in 1904 in St.Louis?

Answer 9

hot + humid
no paved roads
NO water -> they thought it would be bad for cramps

Question 10

What is the story of Thomas Hicks?

Answer 10

he passed out during the marathon, his trainer and manager dragged him to the side, fed him alcohol + egg whites+ striptum
he was revived and collapsed 4 more times -> he won and bragged about drugs
-> different historical attitude

Question 11

What is adrenaline and why is it not ideal to take as a drug?

Answer 11

a substance in our bodies was made into a drug to pump up adrenaline
not ideal: short duration of action + it’s not drug-like, I.V injection

Question 12

What did Gordon Alles discover?

Answer 12

that amphetamine could be an artificial drug
- he noticed it dried up his sinuses and could be a decongestant
side effect: no sleep

Question 13

What was the use of methamphetamine during WW2?

Answer 13

Nazi’s used it in the war to stay awake and focus - Pervitin

Question 14

What happened when RH Winfield compared them both with caffeine?

Answer 14

all of them were effective but had different side effects
caffeine gave the shakes - not good
meth and amphetamines - aggressive + no fear = good

Question 15

What was amphetamines sold for?

Answer 15

pick me up drug

Question 16

What happened to Jensen and Tom Simpson when he used amphetamines instead of water?

Answer 16

Jensen
he passed out, lost consciousness and got into an accident + died
- he caused a situation that led to his death

Simpson:
- died from dehydration + heatstroke
hot + no water

Question 17

Describe the involuntary nerves pathways and which is amphetamine similar to?

Answer 17

top: sympathetic - fight or flight
- higher HR, breathing, muscles

bottom: maintenence

it is similar to the top - it articifially activated fight or flight
- amphetamine pushes beyond the limit of adrenaline - makes us not tired

Question 18

What year did the olympics restrict drug use? What was the reason? when was the first drig testing and what happened? (Hans)

Answer 18

1967
for health reasons
1968: Hans had beer with lunch, the drig testing company tested for everything and said he had a positive test even though alcohol wasn’t on the list

Question 19

what did charles eduard do and what discovery came from it?

Answer 19

he injected himself with dog testicles to imrove his sexual performance

they notices that internal secretion (hormones) regulated physiology - treat organs with itself (DOS)

Question 20

– bull testes = – testosterone

Answer 20

40 kg = 20mg

Question 21

What did they use for the semi-synthesis of testosterone?

Answer 21

cholesterol

Question 22

Who did john Ziegler have dinner with? what came from it?

Answer 22

He had dinner with soviet trainers who found out about testosterone and its benefits
- he brought the idea back to the US and made an artificial version of it

Question 23

what do anabolic + androgenic steroids do?

Answer 23

anabolic: mucle, strength, bone growth

androgenic: secondary sec characteristics

Question 24

Anabolic steroid

Answer 24

has lower side effects, used in hospitals for patients losing muscle mass, Arnold Schwarzenegger

Question 25

What happened with the German swim team?

Answer 25

They won 11/13 medals, and the media noticed, that the girls were hairy, had deep voices- led to steroids being banned in 1977

Question 26

How does the GC/MS work to test drugs?

Answer 26

it sort the mixture based on chemicals and their molecular components (ex: weight)

first the mixture enters a tube and sorts the molecules using speed, some are sticky, some aren’t so the sticky ones are slower - speed + time - peaks = one component crossing the finish line and more of the component = taller peak

identifies what is in each pile by weighing the molecules (mass spectrometer)- throws them into a magnetic field, and depending on the charge it flies and how far it flies determines the weight (light = far)

we then get a finger print of the molecule based on this that can be matched to the finger print of a known drug

Question 27

what ratio does the Olympics look at? how did they mask the drugs to create a normal ratio (3 things)?

Answer 27

testosterone : epitestosterone (1:1)

1. they would inject more epitestosterone
2. they would use diuretics to mask steroid amounts by adding substances
3. Urine switching in some cases, empty bladder + inject w someone else’s urine

Question 28

Modern semi-synthesis of steroids uses what?

Answer 28

diosgenin which comes from mexican yams, (dios -> progesterone -> testosterone)

Question 29

How can we differentiate natural substances and steroids?

Answer 29

by looking at isotopes, plants have a different amount of carbon13 than animals, so Floyd Landis was a plant… how they caught him (11:1)

Question 30

What are designer steroids?

Answer 30

they avoid detection (don’t have a matching fingerprint)

the desire to win makes drugs dangerous, they don’t know the source all the time

ex: tetrahydragestrinone

Question 31

What is RBC production controlled by?

Answer 31

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 32

What do endurance athletes benefit from/ what did they notice helped with this?

Answer 32

they benefit from increased O2 capacity
people who trinaed at higher altitudes did better at the olympics - the air in thinner so the body has to make more RBC = higher O2 capacity

Question 33

What is blood doping?

Answer 33

removing blood, waiting 3 months to replace RBC and then added the blood back to have an increased amount

Question 34

what did the UFC do for blood doping? what was the Inn called?

Answer 34

They didn’t have 3 months to wait so they got family members to be blood donors (Ramada Inn)

not safe: HIV so banned it in 1985

Question 35

What was the solution to the inability of chemically synthesize EPO?

Answer 35

Recombinant protein
- genetically engineering human protein in bacteria/yeast

They insert a human gene into a bacteria
DNA = info storage device and cells use DNA to make protein
- The organism reads the gene that makes the protein and folds it into the right shape

if you insert a human gene into an artificial chromosome (plasmid) which is put into a bacteria it will make protein

Question 36

Were reconbinant EPO’s abused? when were they banned?

Answer 36

yes, 18 cyclists died to heart attachs, took too large of a dose

1990

Question 37

Are EPO’s easy to detect today

Answer 37

we can detect them using antibodies but it’s not easy to do its easy to hide them

Question 38

What did Lance Armstrong do?

Answer 38

He was accused of using EPO and his tests were negative, but he fessed up on Oprah and admitted he did use it.