Antibiotics

Question 1

Antibiotic definition

Answer 1

❑ Antibiotics – natural substances produced by one micro- organism that kill or inhibit the growth of another

Question 2

Degine antibacterials

Answer 2

compounds capable of killing or inhibiting growth of bacteria, including semi- synthetic or synthetic compounds

Question 3

Define antibacterial drugs

Answer 3

❑ Antibacterial drugs – compounds that show selective toxicity against bacterial cells versus mammalian cells and can be used in patients

Question 4

Antibacterial chemotherapy defintion

Answer 4

❑ Antibacterial chemotherapy – the use of antibacterial drugs to treat and cure bacterial infections of animals and humans

Question 5

What is the concept of selective toxicity

Answer 5

Growth inhibition of pathogen killing, no cell damage. Exploits differences in biochemistry

Question 6

Antibiotics are primary or secondary metabolites. Of what genuses?

Answer 6

Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by bacteria and fungi. Actinomycetes and penicillium spp.

Question 7

Natural antibiotic examples

Answer 7

Daptomycin, vancomycin, penicillin G

Question 8

Three examples of synthetic antibiotics

Answer 8

Ciprofloxacin, linezolid, sulfonamides

Question 9

Who discovered the first live microorganism? 1676

Answer 9

Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 10

What did Pasteur disprove 1861

Answer 10

Spontaneous generation, provided basis of aseptic technique

Question 12

In 1867 Lister began the practise of what?

Answer 12

Aseptic surgery

Question 13

Who invented Germ theory of disease?

Answer 13

Koch in 1876

Question 14

What was Ehrlich’s concept?

Answer 14

Magic Bulley

Question 15

Who discovered sulphonamides in 1935

Answer 15

Domagk

Question 16

Between 1912-1940, Fleming, Florey and Chain invented what antibiotic

Answer 16

Penicillin

Question 17

Prophylaxis can prevent what recurrent infection in children

Answer 17

UTIs

Question 18

Narrow spectrum antibacterials: advantages

Answer 18

Less resistance, less disturbance to normal flora

Question 19

Broad spectrum antibacterial advantageous uses?

Answer 19

Empiric therapy, treatment of polymicrobial infections

Question 20

Plasma concentration and half life influences what in antibacterial therapeutic use

Answer 20

Frequency of dosing

Question 21

Tissue distrbution and concentration at site of infection. Does it influence choice of antibacterials?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

What dosing form is good for localised effects

Answer 22

Topical

Question 23

What dosing form is good for areas of the body connected to digestive tract

Answer 23

Oral

Question 24

What dosing forms or good for parenteral treatment

Answer 24

Suncutaneous, IM or IV

Question 25

What are pharmacokinetics

Answer 25

What the body does to the drug "absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion"

Question 27

What are pharmocodynamics

Answer 27

What the drug does to the bacterium

Question 28

What an important determinant of in vivo efficacy

Answer 28

Concentration at site of infection

Question 29

In the CSF do beta-lactams have good availability?

Answer 29

Yes in presence of inflamation

Question 30

In the CSF do aminoglycosides and vancomycin have good availability

Answer 30

No

Question 31

In the urine whihc two antibacterials have good availability

Answer 31

Trimethoprim and beta-lactams

Question 32

In the urine do MLS antibiotics have good availability? (protein synth inhibitors)

Answer 32

No

Question 33

What antibiotic would you use to treat S. aureus (not MRSA)

Answer 33

Flucloxacillin

Question 34

Strep. pyogenes can be treated with.....

Answer 34

Penicillin

Question 35

Gram-negative bacilli can be treated with

Answer 35

Cephalosporins

Question 36

What azole can treat anaerobic infections

Answer 36

Metrionidazole

Question 37

Vancomycin is against G+ve or -ve?

Answer 37

Gram negative

Question 38

What is the spectrum of carbapenems

Answer 38

Very broad, MRSA exception

Question 39

Combination therapy can boost antibacterial activity via what process? Give an example

Answer 39

Synergism. beta-lactam/aminoglycoside combination therapy of streptococcal endocarditis

Question 40

What are thre three antimicrobial interactions

Answer 40

Synergism, antagonism, indifference

Question 41

List two types of superinfection

Answer 41

Fungal- superificial and invasive candidiasis Bacterial- C.diff

Question 42

What bacterium causes the most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea

Answer 42

Clostriodiodes difficile

Question 43

What toxic type does C.diff produce

Answer 43

AB toxin

Question 44

What are common precipitating antibiotics in C.diff infection (3Cs). Althhough it can be preciptated by any antibiotic

Answer 44

Cephalosporins Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin

Question 45

What are two adverse reactions of beta-lactams

Answer 45

Rash and anaphylaxis (rarer)

Question 46

What is a side effect of linezolid use

Answer 46

Bone marrow depression

Question 47

Two side effects of aminoglycosides?

Answer 47

Ototoxicity Reversible renal impairement on accumulation