Antibiotics 3

Question 1

What are some antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 1

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclins 
Macrolides
Oxazolidinones 
Streptogramins

Question 2

What are some aminoglycosides?

Answer 2

Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Amikacin

Question 3

What are aminoglycosides used for?

Answer 3

Serious infections with aerobic gram negative rods

Question 4

How do aminoglycosides work?

Answer 4

Binds to the 30S ribsoome subunit causing misreading of mRNA, inferance of initiation complex, break up polysomes

Question 5

What are some clinical uses of aminoglycosides?

Answer 5

Infections from enterobacteriaceae, and pseudomonas
Used with other drugs to certain Staph and Strep strains
With vancomycin/penicillin for endocarditis

Question 6

What is streptomycin used for?

Answer 6

TB, plague, tularemia, brucellosis, Mycoplasma avium

Question 7

What the toxicities of aminoglycosides?

Answer 7

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

Question 8

What are some Macrolides and Ketolides?

Answer 8

Erythomycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Telithromycin

Question 9

What are Macrolides and Ketolides effective against?

Answer 9

Some gram positives and negatives and atypicals

Question 10

How do Macrolides work?

Answer 10

Bind at 23S of 50S ribosome and prevent polypeptide elongation

Question 11

What is the problem with erythromycin?

Answer 11

GI upset

Question 12

Which Macrolides are derived from erythromycin?

Answer 12

Clarithromycin and Azithromycin

Question 13

What are some clinical uses for Macrolides?

Answer 13

Empiric therapy for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

Used for Legionella, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia infections

Question 14

What are some clinical uses for telithromycin?

Answer 14

Used for mild CAP

Active against Strep. pneumo espeically penicillin and Macrolide resistant

Question 15

What are some toxicities of Macrolides and Ketolides?

Answer 15

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, inhibition of cytochrome P450, visual disturbances

Question 16

What are some resistance factors to macrolides?

Answer 16

Efflux pump and enzyme mediated methylation on 23S binding site

Question 17

Which drug is a lincosamide?

Answer 17

Clindamycin

Question 18

What is Clindamycin active against?

Answer 18

Aerobic gram positives (MRSA, S, pneumo)
Gram positive and gram negative anaerobes
Some protozoans

Question 19

What is Clindamycin not useful against?

Answer 19

Gram negative aerobes

Question 20

What are some clinical uses for Clindamycin?

Answer 20

Invasive Staph infections in the skin
Respiratory tract from S. pneumo (CAP)
Intra-abdominal abscess
PID, acne and osteomyelitis

Question 21

How do Tetracylins work?

Answer 21

Bind to 30S subunit
Block site for binding of amino-tRNAs
Terminates the growing peptide chain

Question 22

What do bacteria tetracylins work against?

Answer 22

Many aerobic gram positives and negatives
Anaerobes
Atypicals
Some protozoa

Question 23

What are some adverse reactions to Tetracyclins?

Answer 23

Alterations in normal mouth, gut and vagina flora
Teeth discoloration
Deposition of fetal bone and cause deformation
Liver and kidney toxicity
Photosensitization

Question 24

What are some Streptogramins?

Answer 24

Dalfopristin

Quinupristin

Question 25

What are Streptogramins used for?

Answer 25

Given in combination for serious gram positive cocci infections to multi-drug resistant bactera

Question 26

What drug is a linezolid?

Answer 26

Oxazolidinone

Question 27

When should Oxazolidinone be used?

Answer 27

It should be reserved for multi-drug resistant strains of gram positives bacteria

Question 28

What are the DNA gyrase inhibitors?

Answer 28

Quinolone and Fluoroquinolones

Question 29

What are some bacteria Fluroquinolones work against?

Answer 29

Most usage against aerobic gram negatives | Active against certain strains of Strep and Staph and atypical bacteria

Question 30

What are some clinical uses for Fluroquinolones?

Answer 30

UTIs cause by pseudomonas and E. Coli Respiratory infections Soft tissue infection Bacterial diarrhea

Question 31

What is a toxic factor of Fluroquinolone?

Answer 31

May damage growing cartilage in those 18 years and younger

Question 32

Which drug is an anti-folate drug?

Answer 32

TMP/SMX | Inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids

Question 33

Which bacteria do TMP/SMX work against?

Answer 33

Some aerobic gram positives | CA-MRSA

Question 34

What i a toxic factor of TMP/SMX?

Answer 34

Allergic skin rash, GI upset

Question 35

Why can Metronidazole easily enter the cytosol?

Answer 35

Because its very small

Question 36

What bacteria is Metronidazole effective against?

Answer 36

Gram negative anaerobes and most gram positive anaerobes especially C. diff

Question 37

Why should alcohol be avoided while taking Metronidazole?

Answer 37

Because it will cause vomiting and tachycardia

Question 38

What are some anti-TB drugs?

Answer 38

Isoniazid Ethambutol Pyrasinamide

Question 39

How to anti-TB drugs work?

Answer 39

Block the mycolic acid synth

Question 40

How does Rifampicin work?

Answer 40

Inhibits RNA synth in binding tightly to bacterial DNA-dependent RNA-pol