Atypical bacteria questions Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
What are the two filamentous gram positive rods?
A
Actinomyces israelii and Nocradia astroides
2
Q
Is Nocardia astroides catalase + or -
A
catalase positive
3
Q
What are the clinical signs of Nocardia astroides?
A
Pneumonia, CNS abscesses in IM, disseminate skin
4
Q
Can Nocardia astroides survive in an oxygen rich environment?
A
Yes, they are aerobic
5
Q
Where does Nocardia astroides abcesses and infections occur on the body?
A
Mostly above the diaphragm
6
Q
What happens when a cell contains mycoloic acid in a fast acid stain?
A
It stains pink, despite being gram positive, because of the mycolic acid waxiness
7
Q
Can Actincomyces israelii thrive in a oxygen rich environment?
A
No, they are anaerobic
8
Q
Does Actincomyces israelii acid-fast stain?
A
No
9
Q
What happens with the sulfur granules in Actincomyces israelii?
A
They form yellow myecelial mases
10
Q
What are the clinical signs of Actincomyces israelii?
A
Thoracic actinomycosis, pelvic actinomycosis, oral abscesses due to dental work and abdominal abscesses to to surgery
11
Q
What is the treatment for Actincomyces israelii?
A
Surgical debridement excision
12
Q
How would you classify Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A
Acid fast aerobic bacilli
13
Q
Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis spore forming?
A
Nope
14
Q
What medium does Mycobacterium tuberculosis grow on?
A
Lowenstein-Jesnen medium
15
Q
What are the virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A
Mycolic acids, sulfatides, trehalose di-mycolate, LAM, Mycosides, and cell wall anitgens
Basically messes up phagocytosis
16
Q
Who is mostly associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A
The immuno-compromised and immigrants
17
Q
What re the clinical manifestations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A
Respiratory TB, reactivation of TB, extrapulmonary TB (CNS meningitis, vertebral Pott’s syndrome, disseminated “military”)
18
Q
What are some rick factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A
Recent TB infection, HIV, diabetes, end stage renal disease, malnutrition, substance abuse
19
Q
What are the symptoms linked to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A
Cough, chest pain, night sweats, fever
20
Q
What are the Mycobacterium tuberculosis tests?
A
Tuberculin Skin Test (PPD test), chest X ray, sputum smear (acid-fast bacilli)
21
Q
What happens if a person had been vaccinated against TB?
A
The PPD is ineffective
22
Q
How could Mycobacterium leprae be decribed?
A
Intracellular bacilli that acid-fast stains
23
Q
What species is Mycobacterium leprae infectious in?
A
Humans
24
Q
In what case can Mycobacterium leprae be culutred in vitro?
A
On a mouse foot pad
25
What species is naturally infected with Mycobacterium leprae?
Armadillos, the indigenous reservoir
26
Where does Mycobacterium leprae infect on the body?
Ear, nose, eyebrows, fingers, toes
27
How is Mycobacterium leprae transmitted?
Person-to-person or inhalation of infectious particles
28
What diseases can Mycobacterium leprae cause?
Hansen's disease or Leprosy
29
What are the signs of tuberculoid leprosy?
Little disfigurement, the organism is well contained in granular tissue
30
What are the signs of lepromatous leprosy?
Major disfigurement with nodular swelling, slow fibrosis of peripheral nerves, shortening of toes and fingers and spontaneous amputation
31
What are the treatments for Mycobacterium leprae (lepromatous leprosy)?
Sulfa drugs, dapsone, rifampin
32
How is Mycobacterium avium intracellulare classified?
Most common infection in adult HIV patients, GI symptoms and dissemination
33
How is Mycobacterium marinum classified?
Cause of swimming pool granuloma - cutaneous skin lesions, found in fresh and salt water marine creatures
34
What are some characteristics about the family Chlamydiacease?
Obligate intracellular pathogens, properties similar to gram - (LPS, OM), cell wall has no muramin acid (no gram stain), can't synthesize its own ATP (can't grow in agar, only cell culture), MOMP and OMP2
35
What are some characteristics about elementary bodies of Chlamydiacease?
Small with rigid membrane, 6 - 8 hours, extracellular, likes harshness, non-replicating, not metabolically active and INFECTIOUS
36
What are some characteristics about reticulate bodies of Chlamydiacease?
Long and fragile, 18 - 24 hours, intracellular, replicating, metabolically active, NON-INFECTIOUS
37
What is the number one reported STD in the US?
Chlamydia trachomatis
38
What are the clinical manifestation of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype A-B-C?
Keratoconjunctivits (trachoma)
| Causes blindness - mostly in developing countries by direct contact
39
What are some clinical manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype D-K?
Non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis
| Dysuria with discharge (enlarged testicles, PID in 40% of females), associated with Reiter's syndrome
40
What are the clinical manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1 and L2?
Lymphogranuloma vernerum
| Inflammation of inguinal lymph nodes and rectal structures, primary ulcer at infection site, lymphadenopathy
41
What are some identifying features of Chlamydophila pneumoniae?
Most infections are asymptomatic, occur in crowded conditions, person-to-person transmission by respiratory droplets
42
What are the clinical manifestations of Chlamydophila pneumoniae?
Walking pneumonia, symptoms like pharygitis and bronchitis
43
Chlamydophila pneumoniae can occur in conjunction with;
Asthma, Gullain barre, atherosclerosis
44
What does Chlamydophila psittaci mainly infect?
Animals
45
How is Chlamydophila psittaci transmitted?
Bird droppings, person to person (rare)
46
What are the clinical manifestations of Chlamydophila psittaci?
Psittacosis or ornithrosis, infections of the respiratory tract, lymphotcytic inflammatory response
47
What are some characteristics of the mycoplasma species?
Smallest bacteria, facultative anaerobes (except M. pneumoniae), difficult to grow, requires cholesterol, purine and pyrimidines (Eaton agar), person-to-person transmission, crowded conditions
48
What are some qualities of Mycoplamataceae?
No cell wall (no murein layer), requires cholersterol for cell membrane, can only be seen with dark field microscope
49
What are some pathogenic characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Cell membrane with P1 protein adhesion, inhibits ciliary action, activates macrophages (inflammation), organism shed in saliva, common re-infection
50
What is the key clinical sign of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Atypical pneumonia - "walking pneumonia"
| Also otitis media in adults, tracheobronchitis in infants
51
How is Mycoplasma pneumoniae treated?
Tetracycline and Fluroquinolones in adults and erthromyocin in children
52
What are some characteristics of Ureaplasma urealyticum?
Major cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, 40-80% of sexually active asymptomatic women, urease +, sterile pyruia
53
What is the treatment for Ureaplasma urealyticum?
Tetracycline
54
What are some general properties of Legionella pneumonphila?
Gram negative, faculatative, intracellular ubiquitous, opportunistic, infections via air conditioners and water coolers, non-communicable
55
Legionella pneumonphila requires what type of agar?
Cysteine and iron = BYCE agar
56
What are the clinical signs of Legionella pneumonphila?
Legionnaire's disease, pulmonary fibrosis, chills with dry cough, vomiting and diarrhea 50% mortality rate
57
What can treat Legionella pneumonphila?
Erythromyocin
58
What are some of the characteristics of Spirochetes?
Gram negative, thin spiral shape
59
Spirochetes have a special something that causes them to have "cork screw" motility:
Periplasmic axial filaments
60
If not treated in a timely matter what can Spirochetes cause?
Cardiac and neurological impairment
61
Who is more likely to acquire Treponema pallidum?
Homosexual men and prostitutes
62
What are some characteristics of Treponema pallidum?
Spiral shaped, gram negative, axial filaments, very thin cells walls, can't be grown on agar, can't survive outside the host
63
How can Treponema pallidum be visualized?
Dark field microscopy or fluorescent staining
64
What classifies primary stage Syphilis?
2 to 3 weeks, rash and flu like symptoms, lymphadenopathy, chancres that heal spontaneously
65
What classifies secondary stage Syphilis?
2 to 24 weeks, dissemination -> fever, fatigue, rash on palms and soles, condylomata lata, lymphadenopathy
66
What classifies latent Syphilis?
1 to 2 years, asymptomatic, within 2 years may relapse
67
What classifies third stage Syphilis?
Several year duration, uncommon (usually in the untreated), results from chronic inflammatory process
68
What is a gumma?
Localized dermal lesions with few organisms present, non cancerous in 3rd stage Syphilis, organs invovled usually destroyed
69
What are some complications of third stage Syphilis?
Gummas, patchy hair loss, dermatitis, Neurosyphylis (tabes dorsalis - degeneration of the doral column of spinal column) Syphilitic meningitis, dissecting aortic aneurysm
70
How can Syphilis be treated?
Penicilin G
71
What characterizes Leptsira interrogens?
Oligate aerobe with hooked end
72
Where is the Leptsira interrogens reservoir and how is it shed?
Found in rats and shed through urine
73
The Leptsira interrogens infection is associated with:
Flu-like symptoms, aseotic meningitis, Weil's disease, vascular collapse, thrombocutopenia
74
What comprise the phases of Leptsira interrogens?
1. abrupt onset of flu symptoms, patient can recover but then gets sicks again
2. kidney or liver failure
75
What are some characteristics of Borrelia recurrentis?
Rare is US, epidemic, common in war, occurs through head lice, relapsing fever
76
How can you treat Borrelia recurrentis and Borrelia hermsii?
Penicillin
77
What are some characteristics of Borrelia hermsii?
World wide, endemic, lives in rodents and transferred through soft shelled ticks, relapsing fever
78
What are the reservoir and vector for Borrelia burgdorfi?
Mice and deer ticks
79
What are some common attributes of Borrelia burgdorfi?
Responsible for lyme disease, most common arthropod borne infection in the US, mainly NE coast, occurs in May to July
80
What events occur in Borrelia burgdorfi that cause an infection of Lyme disease?
Flagella dissemintes the tissue, and has the ability to inhibit compliment activation
81
What are some clinical manifestations of Lyme disease?
Flu-like symptoms, associated with bell's palsy, sometimes had neurological or cardiac manifestations, arthritis, erthema chronicum migran
82
How is Lyme disease treated?
Early administration of penicilin and tetracyclin
83
What are some characteristics of Rickettsiaceae?
Obligate intracellular, needs ATP and NAD, structurally similar to gram negative, mostly transmitted by arthropods, zoonotic infections
84
How can Rickettsia rickettsii be described?
Most common form of Rickettsia, vectors are wood tick and dog tick, common on US east coats
85
What is the largest clinical sign of Rickettsia rickettsii?
Rocky mountain spotted fever, (2-12 day incubation) sudden fever onset, maculopapular rash on palms and soles (sometimes petechial)
86
What is the epidemiology behind Rickettsia prowazekii?
Transmitted through live, associated with poverty, cold and war-times
87
What is the clinical manifestation of Rickettsia prowazekii?
Epidemic typhus - chills, fever, malaise, maculopapular rash that become petechial and high mortality rate
88
How can Rickettsia prowazekii be treated?
Tetracyclin and chloramphenicol and louse control
89
How is Coxiella burnetii transmitted?
From inhalation of bio-hazardous material or from cows, goats and dogs
90
What clinical manifestation if Coxiella burnetii associated with?
Q fever with poor prognosis if chronic
91
What is the main sign of Bartonella quintana and how is it transmitted?
Trench fever from body lice
92
What is the main sign of Bartonella henselae and how is it transmitted?
Cat-scratch disease by fleas
93
What is the main sign of Bartonella bacilliformis and how is it transmitted?
Oroya fever but sand flies
94
What is Bartonella elizabethae associated with?
Endocarditis (rare)
