Antibiotics Flashcards
(25 cards)
What colour are gram stains for bacteria?
Gram negative - pink
Gram positive - purple
How can bacteria be classified?
Gram negative/Gram positive
Aerobic/anaerobic
What mechanisms do antibiotics work on?
Bacteriocidal
- kill bacteria
- destroy cell wall
Bacteriostatic
- stop cell replication
- inhibit protein and nuclei acid synthesis
What makes up the cell membranes of bacteria?
Gram positive :
- Peptidoglycan
- Cytoplasmic membrane
Gram negative:
- Outer membrane
- Cytoplasmic membrane
Give some examples of bacteriocidal antibiotics.
- penicillins cephalosporins
- bacitracin vancomycin
- polymyxins tyrothricin
Give some examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics.
Gyrase inhibitors Nitroimidazoles Quinolones Rifampin Tetracycline Aminoglycosides Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Clindamycn
What should be considered when giving antibiotics?
- allergies
- renal/hepatic function
- know the patient
- resistance to infection
- severity of illness
- ethnicity
- tolerance of oral dosage
- pregnant/breast feeding
- local bugs
- local-multi drug resistance
- obtain mc&s when possible
How are antibiotics classified?
- Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis
e. g. penicillin - Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
e. g. macrolides - Inhibition of Nuclei Acid Synthesis
e. g. Quinolones
Define loading dose in antibiotics.
Giving a high first dose the tailoring down the dose in order to hit the microbe hard.
How does penicillin work?
Inhibits …
Give some examples of beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations.
Augmentin - amoxicillin & clavulanic acid
Zosyn…
Define drug resistance.
Induced antibiotic resistance in an
originally sensitive bacteria
What factors promote MDR? (Multi drug resistance)
Patient transfer - internal & external (notes, bedding)
Open nursing - cross contamination of neighbouring patient
Non-compliance to hygiene protocols
Give some examples of cephalosporins.
Cephradine
Cefuroxime
Ceftazidime
Give examples of resistant microbes.
MRSA VRE Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clostridium difficile Escherichia Coli
Give some examples of macrolides.
Clarythramycin
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Define teratogenic.
Cause deformities in foetuses
Give some examples of tetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
What drugs would you take levels in?
Gentamicin
Vancomycin
Why is it important to consider the adverse effects of antibiotics?
If there is an incomplete course of antibiotics due to patients not tolerating medication, drug resistance can occur.
What are general side effects of antibiotics?
- diarrhoea
- reduced absorption of nutrients
- anaemia due to abnormal absorption of vit B12
What are the nursing responsibilities when administering anti biopics?
- check allergies
- observe for allergenic response following 2-3 dose
- observe patient for anaphylaxis
- ensure patient flol owns full course
What are the consequences of taking antacids and laxatives with antibiotics?
Antacids and laxatives tend to bind with abx in GI tract, thus reducing drug absorption.
Give some examples of aminoglycasides.
Gentamycin Neomycin Amikacin Streptomycin Tobramycin
