Antibiotics

Question 1

What are common side effects of betalactams?

Answer 1

Rash

Diarrhoea

Seizures

Interstitial nephritis

Question 2

How do carbapenems work? What is a common one?

Answer 2

Beta lactam that binds PBP

Meropenem

Question 3

What are the implications of amoxicillin and ampicillin’s chemical difference from benzylpenicillin?

Answer 3

They are slightly more resistant to beta-lactamase

Question 4

What are some common 4th gen cephalosporins?

Answer 4

Cefepime

Question 5

Which organisms are covered by benzylpenicillins?

Answer 5

Most streps - Grp A, pneumoniae

Most enterococci

5% of Staphs

No gram -ve

Question 6

What must you consider when prescribing ciprofloxacin?

Answer 6

There is low genetic barrier to resistance there attempt to reduce bacterial load prior to use eg IV penicillin, or surgical debridement

Question 7

What organisms does ciprofloxacin cover?

Answer 7

Pseudomonas

Other gram -ves

Question 8

What is the organism coverage of 1st gen cephalosporins?

Answer 8

Staphs and streps

A little gram neg

Question 9

What do 5th gen cephalosporins cover?

Answer 9

Pseudomonas

MRSA

Enterococcus

Question 10

Why aren’t ampicillin and amoxicillin necessarily better than benzylpenicillin?

Answer 10

Rash is 10x more common

Diarrhoea is also more likely

Rash occurs in 80-90% when there is glandular fever present

Question 11

What is a common 2nd gen cephalosporin?

Answer 11

Cefuroxime

Question 12

What is the mode of administration of phenoxymethylpenicillin?

Answer 12

Oral

Question 13

What organisms do flucloxacillin and dicloxacillin cover?

Answer 13

Methicillin sensitive Staphs

Streps

Question 14

What type of antibiotic is clindamycin? How does it work?

Answer 14

Lincosamide

Bacteriostatic

Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit

Question 15

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

Answer 15

Bacteriocidal

Inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase

Question 16

What is the name of a 5th gen cephalosporin?

Answer 16

Ceftaroline

Question 17

What are the common 1st gen cephalosporins?

Answer 17

Cephazolin

Cephalexin

Question 18

What is the commercial name of piperacillin + tazobactam?

Answer 18

Tazocin

Question 19

How are betalactams excreted?

Answer 19

Renally

Question 20

What is the antibiotic of choice for UTIs?

Answer 20

Trimethoprim

Question 21

What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins?

Answer 21

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins

Question 22

When should aminoglycosides be used?

Answer 22

Very rarely due to risk of severe sides effects - ototoxicity, vestibular toxicity, renal toxicity

Enteroccocal endocarditis at low dose (1mg/kg) a penicillin eg amoxicillin

Question 23

What are the indications for benzylpenicillins?

Answer 23

Pneumonia

Skin and soft tissue infections

Rheumatic fever

Pharyngitis

Question 24

What do carbapenems cover? When are they indicated?

Answer 24

Streps and staph (not MRSA)

Pseudo and gram -ves

Used in resistant organisms

Question 25

When are amoxicillin and ampicillin indicated?

Answer 25

Same as benzylpenicillins - Pneumonia - Skin and soft tissue infections - Rheumatic fever - Pharyngitis

Question 26

What is the name of a commonly used quinolone?

Answer 26

Ciprofloxacin

Question 27

Which cephalosporins can be used against pseudomonas?

Answer 27

4th and 5th gen

Question 28

What are the indications for microlides?

Answer 28

Intracellular infections eg legionella, chlamydia

Question 29

Which organisms do amoxicillin and ampicillin cover?

Answer 29

Streps - Grp A and pneumoniae Enterococci 5% of Staphs 30% of E. coli and some gram negatives

Question 30

What is timentin?

Answer 30

Ticarcillin and Clav

Question 31

What are some indications for tetracyclines and what is a common one?

Answer 31

Intracellular infections Malaria Acne Doxycycline

Question 32

What is a third gen cephalosporin?

Answer 32

Ceftriaxone

Question 33

What is the triple therapy for H. pylori?

Answer 33

Clarithromycin Amoxicillin PPI

Question 34

When is clindamycin usually used? What microbes does it cover?

Answer 34

As an alternative in patients with severe allergy to penicillins and cephalosporins Has good Staph and Strep cover

Question 35

What side effects do microlides cause?

Answer 35

Long QT Liver interactions - eg warfarin

Question 36

What type of antibiotic is cefazolin?

Answer 36

1st Generation cephalosporin

Question 37

How do amoxicillin and ampicillin differ in the modes of administration?

Answer 37

Ampicillin is IV Amoxicillin is oral

Question 38

What is the indication for ceftriaxone?

Answer 38

Empirical treatment for severe pneumonia Bacterial meningitis Septicaemia

Question 39

What is augmentin duofort?

Answer 39

Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid

Question 40

What is ceftriaxone?

Answer 40

A third generation cephalosporin

Question 41

What are some common microlides?

Answer 41

Azithromycin, roxithromycin

Question 42

What organisms do third gen cephalosporins cover

Answer 42

Streps Range of gram -ves No pseudomonas

Question 43

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclins?

Answer 43

Inhibit DNA synthesis

Question 44

What the indication for augmentin duofort?

Answer 44

Hospital acquired pneumonia UTIs Acute cholecystitis (after IVs)

Question 45

How is benzylpenicillin administered?

Answer 45

IV or IM

Question 46

What is an adverse effect of clindamycin?

Answer 46

Toxic epidermal necrolysis Taste disturbance C. difficile infection

Question 47

How does the coverage of 2nd gen cephalosporins differ from 1st gen?

Answer 47

Loose some staph cover Gain some gram -ve cover

Question 48

When is ciprofloxacin indicated?

Answer 48

Bone or joint infection Complex UTI P. aeruginosa infection

Question 49

What is the scientific name for penicillin G?

Answer 49

Benzylpencillin

Question 50

Which organism do 4th gen cephalosporins cover and when are they indicated?

Answer 50

Pseudomonas Streps Gram negs Mainly reserved for pseudomonas

Question 51

What organisms do third generation cephalosporins target?

Answer 51

A broad range of gram positives and some gram negatives