Diabetes

Question 1

What are the cholesterol targets in metabolic syndrome?

Answer 1

HDL > 1

LDL and Triglycerides

Total > 4

Question 2

Why are beta-blockers contra-indicated in diabetes?

Answer 2

They mask the sympathetic response to hypoglycaemia

Question 3

What is the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors?

Answer 3

Inhibit depeptidyl peptidase 4 > reduce the break down of incretins > increase glucose mediated insulin secretion and reduce glucagon production

Question 4

What are names of some GLP1a analogs?

Answer 4

Exenatide

Liraglutide

Question 4

What is the effect and side effect of GLP1a analogs?

Answer 4

Delay gastric emptying to increase the feeling of satiety

Cause bloating

Question 5

What type of insulin is in novorapid?

Answer 5

Short acting

Aspart

Question 6

In which condition are thiazolidinediones contraindicated? Why?

Answer 6

Heart failure

They cause fluid retention

Question 7

Which diabetic drugs increase the risk of hypo’s?

Answer 7

Sulfonylureas

Insulin

Question 8

What is the normal treatment regimen for long and short acting insulins?

Answer 8

2/3 Long acting

1/3 Short acting

Question 9

What is novomix 30?

Answer 9

30% short acting insulin

70% intermediate acting insulin

Question 9

What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones?

Answer 9

They increase peripheral sensitivity to insulin

Question 9

What does acarbose do?

Answer 9

Reduced carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting alpha glucosidase to prevent the cleavage of polysaccarides into monosaccarides

Question 11

What are the names of some sulfonylurea?

Answer 11

Gliclazide, glipizide, glibenclamide, glimepiride

Question 11

What is dapagliflozin? What side effects does it cause?

Answer 11

A Na-Glu transporter 2 inhibitor

Fluid loss

UTI’s

Question 12

What are the side effects of metformin?

Answer 12

Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea that ususally resolves

Weight loss

Lactic acidosis in renal failure patients

Question 14

What is the name (generic and tradename) of a long acting insulin

Answer 14

Detemir

Levemir

Question 14

What are some side effects of sulfonylureas?

Answer 14

Weight gain (~3kgs)

Hypo’s

Nausea

Question 15

What are the cholesterol findings in metabolic syndrome?

Answer 15

High triglycerides

Low HDL

Question 16

What is lantus?

Answer 16

Glargine

A long acting insulin

Question 17

What is the name of a DPP-4 inhibitor?

Answer 17

Sitagliptin

Saxagliptin

Valdagliptin

Question 19

What type of drug is gliclazide?

Answer 19

A sulfonylurea

Question 20

What the cutoff for fasting glucuse, HbA1c and oral glucose test used to diagnose diabetes?

Answer 20

>7 mmol/L

>6.5%

> 11.1 mmol/L

Question 22

What adverse events do incretin-based therapies increase the risk of?

Answer 22

Pancreatitis

Nasopharyngitis

Question 23

What are thiazolidinedione?

Answer 23

An insulin sensitizer

Question 24

Name a sulfonylurea?

Answer 24

Gliclazide

Question 26

What is the best therapeutic for lowering triglycerides?

Answer 26

Fibrates

Question 27

Why have sulfonylureas fallen out of favour?

Answer 27

They cause weight gain and increase the risk of hypoglycaemia

Question 28

What is the main indication for ACE inhibitors and ARBs in metabolic syndrome?

Answer 28

Prevent hypertensive nephropathy Due to angiotensin II tonic vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles

Question 29

What is the initial dose of metformin in a new diagnosis of T2DM?

Answer 29

500mg daily

Question 30

What is the name (generic and tradename) of a intermediate acting insulin?

Answer 30

Protaphane

Question 31

What is Byetta?

Answer 31

A GLP-1 analogue

Question 32

What is the EGR cut off from dose reduction and ceasation of metformin?

Answer 32

\<40 dose reduce \<30 cease

Question 33

How do SGLT2 inhibitors promote glycosuria?

Answer 33

Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 34

When do you get acanthosis in diabetes?

Answer 34

Insulin resistance