Antibiotics Flashcards
(51 cards)
The gram positive bacterias usually end in US, OC, ER and UM (sound masculin) except which one?
- Listeria spp
- Nocardia spp
- Gemella spp
Gram negative bacterias usually end in A or ER except which one?
- Proteus spp
- Haemophilus spp
- Acinetobacter spp
- Bacteroides spp
- Vibrio spp
Which b-lactams cross the BBB appreciably?
–Penicillin IV (high dose)
–Ampicillin IV (high dose)
–Third generation cephalosporins IV (high dose)
–Cefepime
–Carbapenems
Adverse reactions of All b-lactams?
–GI upset
–Diarrhea (b-lactamase inhibitors; cefixime/Suprax)
–Drug induced neutropenia
–Seizures
–Anaphylaxis
Why are Carbapenems used?
BROAD SPECTRUM: Like BROAD SPECTRUM b-lactams/b-lactamase inhibitor combinations
- Gram-positives (MSSA), gram-negative, anaerobes
- Usually resistant to b-lactamases
Do Cephalosporins work against Gram-positive Enterococcus spp / Listeria spp?
Non
Which generation of Cephalosporins works againts gram-negative Pseudomonas spp / Campylobacter spp?
3rd (Only ceftazidime) and 4th
Penicillins and b-lactamase inhibitors are used against what bacteria?
- S. aureus
- Most gram-positive organisms including Enterococcus and Listeria spp
- Most gram-negative respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus and Moraxella spp)
- Most gram-negative enteric bacteria
- Most anaerobes (gram-positive and gram-negative)
What can you use against Pseudomonas spp?
Timentin and Pip/tazo (Penicillins and b-lactamase inhibitors)
S. aureus choice of antibiotic?
Cloxacillin
E Coli choice of antibiotic?
Ampicillin IV
Pseudomonas aeruginosa choice of antibiotic?
–Ticarcillin
–Piperacillin
Which type of antibiotic is time dependant?
- Beta-lactam group (Penicillins and their derivatives)
- Macrolides and ketolides
Type of antibiotic that is concentration dependant?
aminoglycosides
Which antibiotics have such good bioavailability that po = IV availability?
–Clindamycin po = IV
–Fluoroquinolones po = IV
–Septra po = IV
–Tetracyclines po = IV
–Metronidazole po = IV
–Linezolid po = IV
LIMITED BY GI TOLERANCE AND ABSORPTION
Which b-lactams have activity against MSSA?
–Cloxacillin po/IV (and methicillin)
– b-lactam/b-lactamase combinations (po/IV)
–1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins po/IV
•3rd generation IV NOT that good – just OK
–Cefepime
–Carbapenems
Which b-lactams have activity against Pseudomonas spp?
–Ticarcillin and Piperacillin (IV)
–Timentin and Pip/tazo (IV)
–Ceftazidime (IV)
–Cefepime (IV)
–Carbapenems (IV)
Which b-lactams have activity against anaerobes?
–Penicillin (po/IV)
–All b-lactam/b-lactamase combinations (po/IV)
–Carbapenems (IV)
What is the Antibacterial spectrum of Vancomycin?
Gram-positive including anaerobic gram-positive
Very good activity against Clostridium difficile (oral treatment)
Pharmacological key points of Vancomycin?
- BBB penetration, mainly with inflammation
- Need higher levels to penetrate BBB, bone and cartilage, heart tissue
- Need higher levels when dealing with MRSA
Adverse reactions of Vancomycin?
Nephrotoxicity: Usually with accumulation (high trough levels)
When administered over short period (<1 hr): Histamine release (Red-man syndrome)
What is the antibacterial spectrum of Macrolides/Ketolides?
Gram-positives
- S. pneumoniae (if S)
- Group A Streptococcus (if S)
Gram-negatives
- Campylobacter spp
- Bordetella pertussis
Atypical bacteria
- Mycoplasma spp, Chlamydia spp, Clamydophila spp
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria
- Clarithromycin, azithromycin
Do macrolides cross the BBB?
Non
What is the Antibacterial spectrum of Aminoglycosides?
GRAM-NEGATIVE
