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Antibiotics Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Define Antibiotic

A

compound made by microorganism (or chemically made) that kills or inhibits growth of bacteria

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2
Q

Define Antimicrobial

A

synthetic compound that kills all microorganisms

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3
Q

3 Reasons why infectious diseases declined

A

1) increased hygiene and sanitation
2) use of antibiotics
3) childhood vaccination programs

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4
Q

Sterile

A

no living organisms present

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5
Q

Aseptic

A

no harmful organisms present

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6
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

kills bacteria by stopping reproduction

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7
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

inhibits microbial growth (microbes still present)

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8
Q

What should an antibiotic do?

A

1) Target selectively (kills microorganism w/o harming pt)
2) Microbes should not easily acquire resistance
3) Broad spectrum antibiotics (targets many types) vs narrow spectrum antibiotic (targets few bacteria)

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9
Q

2 types of antibiotic

A

1) minimal inhibitory concentration

2) minimal bacteriocidal concentration

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10
Q

Beneficial combined antibiotic therapies
Define Additive
Define Synergistic
Define Antagonistic

A

Additive - sum of effect of 2 chemicals taken separately
Synergistic - combined equals greater effect than sum of their separate effect at same dose
Antagonistic - interferes with physiological effect of other

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11
Q

5 modes of antibiotic action

A

1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2) inhibition of bacterial enzymes
3) inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism
4) inhibition of protein synthesis
5) disruption of membrane function

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12
Q

Vancomycin

A

treats gram positive infections

binds to D-Ala-D-Ala

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13
Q

where can cell wall synthesis be blocked?

A

1) cytoplasm
2) cytoplasmic membrane
3) perimplasm/cell wall

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14
Q

define Transglycosidases

A

link monomers into chains

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15
Q

define Transpeptidases

A

crosslink chains to create a meshwork

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16
Q

Fosfomycin

A

is a bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitor of the cytoplasm that blocks the addition of phosphoenolpyruvate which blocks NAG to form NAM. Effect for gram + and gram -. also inhibits bacterial enzymes.

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17
Q

What are the 4 B-lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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18
Q

What do different R groups lead to on B-lactams?

A

leads to improved permeability and increased resistance to B-lactamases

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19
Q

What do bacterial B lactamases inhibit?

A

B lactamases inhibit B-lactam antibiotics

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20
Q

Which enzyme do bacteria produce to destroy the B lactam ring?

21
Q

Where can protein synthesis be inhibited?

Study These Flashcards
A

30S rRNA subunit - Aminoglycosides, Tetracyline

50S rRNA subunit - Chloramphenicol, Macrolide

22
Q

List 5 Bacteriocidal drugs

Study These Flashcards
A 
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Aminoglycosides
Ciprofloxacin
23
Q

List 3 Bacteriostatic drugs

Study These Flashcards
A

Sulphonamides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol

24
Q

Inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. bacterial toposomerase/Gyrase - block dna replication
  2. rna polymerase- block mrna synthesis
  3. Folate metabolism- block nucleotide synthesis
25
antibiotic resistance
Innate resistance- due to lack of target or impermeability | Acquired resistance - due to plasmid based or chromosomal mutation
26
how does bacteria become Vancomycin resistant?
the bacteria alters their peptidoglycan synthesis so there's no D-Ala-D-Ala intermediate
27
Where do Antibiotics come from?
synthesized by chemicals or occurring naturally in mold
28
What do Antibiotics do?
they kill or neutralize bacteria by interrupting cell wall synthesis or interfering with protein synthesis while leaving human cells unharmed.
29
Which bacteria is resistant to b-lactam antibiotics like penecillin, oxocyllin, and methacylin?
MRSA | It has a protein that makes its cell wall unimpeded
30
how is salmonella resistant to b-lactam antibiotics
salmonella produces b-lactamases to break down antibiotics
31
how do bacteriostatic antibiotics stop bacterial growth?
Stopping DNA replication Stopping metabolism AG enzyme activity stops protein production
32
How do bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria?
by preventing bacteria making cell wall
33
Do Antibiotics work on viruses?
NO because they have a different structure than bacteria | Viruses do not have a cell wall and uses human cell as host
34
how does penecillin kill bacteria?
by breaking down the cell wall
35
erythromycin
stop protein synthesis by binding to specific rna
36
where do b-lactamases come from?
Some bacteria have dna that allows them to make those enzymes
37
what do beta-lactams inhibit?
transpeptidases and therefore cell wall synthesis
38
what does antibiotic cycloserine target?
Alanine racemase which is needed to convert L-Alanine to D-alanine which is what builds the cell wall
39
what do B-lactam antibiotics and vancomysin target?
vancomysin targets D-Ala-D-Ala substrate for crosslinking and penecillin binds to (PBP) Penecillin Binding protein.
40
what does vancomysin block?
blocks addition of peptidoglycan subunits to the glycan chain
41
how does bacteria become vancomysin become resistant?
it alters its peptidoglycan synthesis so there is no D-Ala D-Ala intermediate for it to bind to and interfere cell wall synthesis by inhibitig crosslinking of peptidoglycans. it changes its peptidogylcan synthesis so vancomysin does not inhibit crosslinking of peptidoglycan
42
what bacteria are penecillins used against?
staphlococcus streptococcus STDs
43
what are synergistic compounds used?
B-lactamase inhibitors and penicillins | sulfanilamide and trimethoprim (for traveler's diarrhea)
44
is chloramphenicol bacteriostatic?
yes
45
most common mechanism for resistance?
lipopolysaccharide
46
how do antibiotics disrupt membrane function?
in gram - bacteria, hydrophobic tails insert into membranes which increases permeability
47
what do beta lactam antibiotics inhibit?
Transpeptidase and therefore bacterial wall synthesis
48
what are catalase microorganisms?
facultatie anaerobes (can grow with some O2)

Microbes (12 decks)

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