bacterial diseases of CNS

Question 1

Meningitis can either be ?

Answer 1

viral or bacterial

Question 2

meningitis signs and symptoms?

Answer 2

high fever
headache
nuchal rigidity

Question 3

what can meningitis lead to if not treated?

Answer 3

coma and death

Question 4

what are the symptoms in infants for meningitis?

Answer 4

difficult to detect. 
vomiting
irritability
inactivity
poor apetite

Question 5

how to diagnose meningitis with lab culture of CSF and blood?

Answer 5

gram stain of CSF= gram - and diplococcus
CSF and blood: chocolate agar, 5% CO2
meningitis produces small colonies that are oxidase positive
meningitis can ferment glucose and maltose

Question 6

CSF analysis of bacterial meningitis?

Answer 6

bacterial meningitis has elevated PMNs and proteins

bacterial meningitis has reduced glucose and elevated lactate

Question 7

CSF analysis of viral meningitis?

Answer 7

viral meningitis has elevated lymphocytes

viral meningitis has normal glucose and lactate

Question 8

bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis?

Answer 8

Streptococcus group B
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes
H influenza
*strep pneumoniae
*Neisseria meningitidis

Question 9

what are the common properties of adult and children bacterial meningitis? (N. meningitidis, H. influenza, and S. pneumoniae)

Answer 9

common properties of adult bacterial meningitis are
capsule
serum resistance

Question 10

N. meningitidis properties

Answer 10

gram neg
diplococcus
nasopharynx flora
encapsulated

Question 11

virulence factors of N. meningitidis?

Answer 11

capsule
IgA protease- adhesion
pili
LOS - lipooligosaccharide whichis endotoxic

Question 12

what does N. meningitidis do to the body?

Answer 12

petechial rash and purpura
waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome -(necrosis of adrenals)
sequale: is hearing loss and mental retardation

Question 13

epidemiology of N. meningitidis?

Answer 13

transmitted through respiratory secretions
sporadic cases
in closed spaces like military and dorms

Question 14

treatment and prevention of N. meningitidis

Answer 14

treated with antibiotics

prevented by quadravalent vaccine and vaccine for group B (2 vaccines)

Question 15

Haemophilus influenza properties?

Answer 15

gram negative
cocco-bacillus
nasopharynx flora
6 capsule types

Question 16

what does Haemophilus do to the body?

Answer 16

septicemia, meningitis, conjuctivitis, epiglottitis
pnuemonia and otitis media
sequelae: same as N. meningitidis which is hearing loss and mental retardation

Question 17

diagnosis of H. influenza?

Answer 17

gram stain CSF for large, flat , colorless/grey colonies
X (hemin) and V (NAD, NADP
latex agglutination
chocolate agar, 5% CO2

Question 18

H. influenza epidemiology?

Answer 18

transmitted through respiratory secretions

sporadic in children

Question 19

how to treat and prevent H. influenza?

Answer 19

treated with antibiotic

prevented through chemoprophylaxis and conjugate vasccine

Question 20

features of streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 20

gram +
lancet shaped diplococci
alpha hemolytic
nasopharynx flora
antigenic structure = 85 capsule types

Question 21

what does strep. pneumoniae do to the body?

Answer 21

lobar pneumonia
otitis media
meningitis
sequeal is similar to N. meningtidis (hearing loss and mental retardation)

Question 22

how to diagnose Strep. pneumoniae?

Answer 22

CSF and blood culture
small greyish alpha hemolytic colonies
bile soluble
optochin sensitive
oxacillin disc screen (penicillin resistance)

Question 23

epidemiology of strep. pneumoniae?

Answer 23

transmited through respiratory secretions
winter and spring
associated with head trauma
greater cause of meningitis
at risk: asplenic, sickle cell anemia, defects in humoralo innunity, alcoholism

Question 24

how to treat and prevent strep. pneumoniae?

Answer 24

treatment is penicillin
prophylaxix
polyvalent vaccine
conjugate vaccine

Question 25

neonatal meningitis is

Answer 25

``` streptococcus alagactiae (GBS) normal flora is GU and lower GI ```

Question 26

maternal to infant transmission?

Answer 26

GBS mother gives 50% colonized newborn and 50% non-colonized newborn colonized newborn is 98% asymptomatic and 2% early onset sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis

Question 27

neonatal meningitis (steptococcus agalactiae) diagnosis?

Answer 27

Group B agglutination

Question 28

neonatal minigitis (streptococucus agalactiae) treatment

Answer 28

penicillin | prophylaxis - penicillin

Question 29

what are the two types of neonatal meningitis ?

Answer 29

streptococcus agalactiae and listeria monocytogenes

Question 30

Neonatal miningitis (listeria monocytogenes) features?

Answer 30

gram + bacillus grows at 4 C tumbling motility at 21 C

Question 31

treatment of neonatal meningitis (listeria monocytogenes)?

Answer 31

penicillin

Question 32

what is the treatment for both neonatal meningitis (streptococcus agalactia and listeria monocytogenes)?

Answer 32

penicillin

Question 33

meningitis from shunt infections

Answer 33

``` coagulase negative - Staphylococcus staphylococcus aureus gram negative rods enterococcus candida corynebacteria ```