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Host Defence > Antibiotics-A Logical Approach > Flashcards

Antibiotics-A Logical Approach Flashcards

1
Q

What aspect of a bacteria cells retains the initial dye to appear gram positive?

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall

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2
Q

What 3 ways can bacteria be classified?

A

Gram status, shape and whether they are aerobic and anaerobic

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3
Q

What are the 3 main types of antibiotics?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis or function, inhibit nucleic acid synthesis or function and inhibit protein synthesis

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4
Q

Name 3 examples of antibiotics that inhibit cell walls?

A

Penicillin, Cephalosporin and Vancomycin

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5
Q

How do penicillins work?

A

They are bactericidal
Inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing peptidoglycan cross linkage thus weakening cell wall

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6
Q

What do the cross links in penicillins consist of?

A

Proteins in the cell wall that act as transpeptidase enzymes

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7
Q

Why are the cross links in penicillins irreversible?

A

Acelyation of the active serine site after cleavage of the B-lactam ring

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8
Q

Why is activity pf penicillins lost in the presence of B-lactamase?

A

It hydrolyses the B-lactam ring

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9
Q

What are the side effects of penicillins?

A

Rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anaphylaxis

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of B-lactamase inhibitors?

A

Clavulonic acid and tazobactam

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11
Q

How are cephalosporins different to penicillins?

A

They are less sensitive to B-lactamase

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12
Q

Where can cephalosporins pass through? 2

A

Placenta and CNS

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13
Q

What is vancomycin effective against?

A

non-B-lactam bactericidal
Effective against gram positive bacteria including MRSA

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14
Q

How is vancomycin given?

A

Slowly via IV

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15
Q

Why does vancomycin have to be given slowly?

A

Prevent red man syndrome

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16
Q

Give an example of a macrolide? (attacks big subunit in ribosome)

A

Erythromycin

17
Q

Give an example of an aminoglycoside? (attacks small subunit in ribosome)

A

Gentamicin

18
Q

What is erythromycin an alternative to?

A

Penicillin in case of allergies

19
Q

How does erythromycin work?

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

20
Q

Side effects of erythromycin? 3

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea

21
Q

What 3 drugs does erythromycin interact with?

A

Warfarin, simvastatin and carbamazepine

22
Q

How does gentamicin work?

A

tRNA attachment, but requires active transport uptake by bacteria

23
Q

Side effects of gentamicin? 2

A

Ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity

24
Q

Give an example of a DNA antibiotic

A

Quinolones e.g. ciprofloxacin

25
Q

Give an example of an antibiotic that stops folic acid synthesis

A

Trimethoprim

26
Q

Give an example of an antibiotic that creates free radicals

A

Metronidazole

Host Defence (22 decks)

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