Antibiotics/Antifungals/Antivirals Flashcards

Question

Virus associated with Merkel cell carcinoma

Answer 1

Polyomavirus

Answer 2

Inhibits B-1, 3-D-glucan synthesis

Answer 3

Bind to membrane ergosterol, altering membrane integrity

Answer 4

Inhibits CYP450 enzyme lanosterol14 demethylase, results in decreased ergosterol production

Answer 5

Inhibits squalene epoxidase with resultant decrease in lanosterol and ergosterol production

Answer 6

Inhibits fungal mitosis by binding to intracellular microtubular protein

Answer 7

Converted to 5-fluorouracil, incorporated into fungal RNA inhibiting protein synthesis

Answer 8

Binds to penicillin-binding-proteins --> decreases crosslinking of peptidoglycan layer

Answer 9

Penicillin Cephalosporins Carbapenems Monobactams

Answer 10

1st - cephalexin 2nd - cefaclor 3rd - cefixime 4th - cefepime 5th - ceftaroline

Answer 11

Cleavage of beta lactam ring by beta-lactamases

Answer 12

PBP mutations

Answer 13

Bind to D-alanyl-D-alanine section of peptidoglycan precursor --> inhibited peptidoglycan synthesis

Answer 14

Reduced penetration in gram negative bacteria Change in peptidoglycan precursor structure

Answer 15

Inactivate enolpyruvate transferase --> inhibition of N-acetylmuramic acid formation --> disruption of peptidoglycan synthesis

Answer 16

Secondary fungal infections CNS toxicity - highest risks of imipenem GI upset Rash Thrombophlebitis

Answer 17

Potential cross-reactivity in pts with penicillin allergies AIHA Vitamin K deficiency Disulfiram-like reaction Increases nephrotoxic effect of aminoglycosides Neurotoxicity

Answer 18

Inhibits protein synthesis - 30S ribosomal subunit

Answer 19

Inactivating enzymes e.g. acetylation, phosphorylation, adenylation Removal by efflux pumps Mutation of bacterial ribosome binding site Reduced penetrance Anaerobic bacteria Acidic environment

Answer 20

Inhibition of protein synthesis - 30S ribosomal subunit Block incoming aminoacyl-tRNA with amino acids --> decrease protein synthesis

Answer 21

Reduced cell wall penetration Removal by efflux pump Production of protein that protects ribosome

Answer 22

Gram positive bacteria S. aureus especially MRSA VRE

Answer 23

Reversible myopathy Rhabdomyolysis Allergic pneumonitis

Answer 24

Polymyxin Severe gram negative bacteria that are multidrug resistant

Answer 25

Nephrotoxicity Neurotoxicity Urticaria, eosinophilia and/or anaphylactoid reactions Respiratory failure

Answer 26

Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity and vestibulotoxicity NM blockade Teratogenecity

Answer 27

MG Botulism Pregnancy

Answer 28

Bacteria that lack cell wall i.e. Mycoplasma Intracelluar bacteria i.e. Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Anaplasma Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 29

Hepatotoxicity Deposition in bones and teeth --> inhibition of bone growth and discolouration of teeth Damage to mucous membranes i.e. oesophagitis Photosensitivity Fanconi syndrome Pseudotumour cerebri

Answer 30

Bind to 23S rRNA --> inhibition of transpeptidation, translocation and chain elongation --> decrease protein synthesis

Answer 31

Reduced penetration Efflux pumps Methylation of 23S rRNA binding site --> inhibits binding of macrolides Cross-resistance with clindamycin and streptogramins Mutation of bacterial ribosome binding site

Answer 32

Impair transpeptidation --> inhibition of chain elongation --> decrease protein synthesis Increase opsonisation and phagocytosis Inhibits alpha toxin expression

Answer 33

Reduced penetration Mutation of bacterial ribosome binding site

Answer 34

Prevents association of 50S with 30S subunit --> impairment of initiation complex formation --> early interruption of protein synthesis

Answer 35

Point mutation of 23S rRNA Methylation of ribosomal subunit

Answer 36

Prevent binding of amino acid-containing aminoacyl-tRNA --> inhibition of peptidyltransferase --> reduce protein synthesis

Answer 37

Reduced penetration Enzymatic inactivation by acetyltransferase (plasmid encoded)

Answer 38

Inhibit prokaryotic toposiomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV --> inhibited DNA synthesis

Answer 39

Mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV Reduced cell wall permeability Efflux pumps (plasmid-encoded resistance)

Answer 40

Disruption of DNA integrity via free radical formation

Answer 41

Reduced activation due to decreased enzymatic activity

Answer 42

Blocks mRNA synthesis via inhibition of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase --> reduce protein synthesis

Answer 43

Mutated RNA-polyermase --> reduce binding of rifamycins

Answer 44

Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis --> reduce cell wall synthesis

Answer 45

Mutation causing reduce KatG --> reduce expression of catalase-peroxidase

Answer 46

Mutations in RpsA gene coding for ribosomal protein S1

Answer 47

Inhibits arabinosyltransferase --> reduce cell wall synthesis

Answer 48

Mutations in EmbCAB gene coding for arabinosyltransferase --> inability of drug to inhibit enzyme

Answer 49

Competitive antagonism of para-aminobenzoic acid --> inhibited dihydrofolic acid synthesis

Answer 50

Mutations in folP1 gene coding for dihydropteroate synthase --> reduced expression of dihydroteroate synthase

Answer 51

Bind to bacterial ribosomes --> inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

Answer 52

Enzyme-mediated reduction Efflux pumps

Answer 53

Gram positive aerobes MRSA VRE Anaerobes (broad spectrum) Partially effective against gram-negative aerobes

Answer 54

GI upset Hepatotoxicity Deposition in bones and teeth Photosensitivity

Answer 55

Increased intestinal motility --> GI upset QT interval prolongation Acute cholestatic hepatitis Eosinophilia Rash Increased risk of hypertrophic pylroic stenosis in infants up to 6 weeks og ageD

Answer 56

Enhances effect of oral anticoagulants Erythromycin and clarithromycin - increased theophylline serum concentrations, CYP3A4 inhibition

Answer 57

Clindamycin Fluoroquinolones 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins

Answer 58

GI upset Pseudomembranous colitis Fever Teratogenicity

Answer 59

GI upset Pancytopenia due to BM suppression Peripheral neuropathy Serotonin syndrome - partially inhibits monoamine oxidase

Answer 60

1st - nalidixic acid 2nd - norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin 3rd - levofloxacin 4th - moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin

Answer 61

GI upset Neurological symptoms - mild headache, dizziness, mood changes, peripheral neuropathy, lowers seizure threshold Hyper/hypoglycaemia QT prolongation Photosensitivity Skin rash Superinfection Muscle ache, leg cramps, tendinitis, tendon rupture

Answer 62

Headache Disulfiram-like reaction Metallic taste Peripheral neuropathy (prolonged used) Vestibular dysfunction

Answer 63

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase Uses NADPH to reduce dihydrofolate acid to tetrahydrofolic acid Used to treat congenital myasthenia syndromes and LEMS

Answer 64

Inhibits dihydropteroate synthase

Answer 65

Drug interactions due to CYP450 inhibition Displacement of other drugs from albumin Nephrotoxicity esp. ATN GI upset Hyperkalaemia Agranulocytosis Aplastic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia Haemolytic anaemia in G6PD-deficient patients SJS Hypersensitivity reactions Photosensitivity Fever

Answer 66

Megaloblastic anaemia Leukopenia, granulocytopenia Hyperkalaemia Increased creatinine - caused by decreased tubular secretion

Answer 67

Nitrofurantoin induced lung disease Pulmonary fibrosis Haemolytic anaemia GI upset Reversible peripheral neuropathy

Answer 68

Red-orange discolouration of body fluids Flu-like symptoms Minor hepatotoxicity CYP450 induction False positive urine opiate screening

Answer 69

Hepatotoxicty Anion gap metabolic acidosis Drug induced lupus erythematous Benzo-refractory seizures Vitamin B6 deficiency - peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anaemia, aplastic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, pellagra

Answer 70

Hyperuricaemia Hepatotoxicity

Answer 71

Optic neuropathy Hyperuricaemia

Answer 72

Methemoglobinemia Haemolytic anaemia in G6Pd deficiency Agranulocytosis GI upset Peripheral neuropathy

Answer 73

Antiviral and immunomodulatory effect via intercellular and intracellular mechanisms

Answer 74

Flu like symptoms BM suppression CNS - depressive mood, seizures Induction of autoantibodies Myopathy

Answer 75

Nucleoside analogue - premature termination of DNA transcription via phosphorylation to triphosphate in hepatic cells

Answer 76

Nephrotoxicity Headache and abdominal pain

Answer 77

Nucleoside analogue - inhibition of reverse transcriptase

Answer 78

GI symptoms Fever Headache Vasculitides Neuropathies Neutropenia Lactic acidosis

Answer 79

Valaciclovir is prodrug of aciclovir Has greater oral bioavailability

Answer 80

Famciclovir is prodrug of penciclovir with greater bioavailability

Answer 81

Guanosine analogue Phosphylated drug is incorporated into replicating viral DNA strand --> inhibition of viral DNA polymerase via chain termination

Answer 82

Obstructive crystal-induced nephropathy AKI TTP GI symptoms Increases transminases

Answer 83

Guanosine analogue Phosphorylation to 5' monophosphate by CMV coded UL97 kinase --> further phosphorylation to triphosphate by cellular kinases Inhibition of viral DNA polymerase --> termination of viral DNA synthesis

Answer 84

Myelotoxicity Nephrotoxicity GI symptoms CNS - headache, confusion, parasthesias

Answer 85

Pyrophosphate analogue

Answer 86

Nephrotoxicity GI symptoms CNS - headache, confusion, seizures due to electrolyte abnormalities, parasthesias Haemotological abnormalities - leukopenia, neutropenia

Answer 87

M2 ion channel blocker Weak NMDA receptor antagonist

Answer 88

Neurological - ataxia, anxiety GI - nausea, vomiting Livedo reticularis Peripheral oedema

Answer 89

Neuraminidase inhibitor

Answer 90

Pulmonary - URTI GI - nausea, vomiting Headache

Answer 91

Inhibits 17a-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase

Answer 92

Arrhythmias Nephrotoxicity Fever, chills IV phlebitis Hypokalaemia, hypomagnesemia

Answer 93

GI symptoms Contact dermatitis SJS

Answer 94

Hepatotoxicity CYP450 inhibition Local burning sensation Gynaecomastia - ketoconazole

Answer 95

Headache Hepatotoxicity Dysgeusia GI upset

Answer 96

Flushing Hepatotoxicity GI upset

Answer 97

Hepatotoxicity Carcinogenic Teratogenic CYP450 induction Confusion, headaches Disulfarim-like reactions

Answer 98

BM suppression Hepatic injury Renal failure

Answer 99

Aminoglycosides Erythromycin Tetracyclines Clindamycin First generation cephalosporins

Answer 100

MRSA VRE Enterococcus faecium Mycoplasma Chlamydia Stenotrophonomas maltophilia

Antibiotics/Antifungals/Antivirals Flashcards

(126 cards)