Antibiotics List for Exam 1 CMOD Flashcards by Barrett Thompson

CIPROFLOXACIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

Fluroquinolones
• MOA
o Bind and inhibit DNA gyrase (aka topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
o Inhibit DURING cutting step, preventing Reattachment
o DNA fragments accumulate leading to cell death
• Bacteria: E. COLI (resistance emerging), PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
• Bactericidal

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Levofloxacin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

• Fluroquinolones
• MOA
o Bind and inhibit DNA gyrase (aka topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
o Inhibit DURING cutting step, preventing Reattachment
o DNA fragments accumulate leading to cell death
• Bacteria: E.coli?, Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
• Bactericidal

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RIFAMPIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

• Rifamycin
• MOA
o Bind PROKARYOTIC specific RNA polymerase
o Prevents initiation of RNA synthesis but not elongation
• Easily crosses lipophilic surfaces important for treatment of:
o Mycobacteria (mycolic acid walls) – MYCOBACTERIUM TB
o Staphlococcus Epidermidis and Aureus (Biofilm)
o Bacterial Meningitis (BBB penetration)
o Enters phagocytic cells
• Bactericidal

*Prevents INITIATION of RNA synthesis

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Rifaximin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

• Rifamycin
• MOA
o Bind PROKARYOTIC specific RNA polymerase
o Prevents initiation of RNA synthesis but not elongation
• Easily crosses lipophilic surfaces important for treatment of:
o Mycobacteria (mycolic acid walls)
o Staphlococcus Epidermidis and Aureus (Biofilm)
o Bacterial Meningitis (BBB penetration)
o Enters phagocytic cells
• Bactericidal

*Prevents INITIATION of RNA synthesis

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METRONIDAZOLE
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

• Nitroimidazole
• MOA
o Pro-drug – must first be reduced by ferredoxin (a nitroreductase) which turns the nitroimidazole in to a toxic radical the FRAGMENTS DNA.
o Ferredoxin only used in ANAEROBIC bacteria
• Bacteria: Only effective against anaerobes
• Bactericidal

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COTRIMOXAZOLE
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

• DHFR Inhibitor/Sulfonamide combination drug of trimethroprim and sulfamethoxazole
• MOA
o Trimethroprim – inhibits PROKARYOTIC DHFR
o Sulfonamide - prevents step 1 of THF acid synthesis by preventing PABA and Pteridine reaction via Pteridine Synthetase
• Bacteria: E. COLI , Pneumocystis Jiroveci
• Bactericidal

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Trimethoprim
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

•	DHFR inhibitor 
•	 MOA
o	Inhibition of PROKARYOTIC DHFR 
•	Bacteria: ??
•	Bactericidal

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Sulfamethoxazole
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

•	 Sulfonamide 
•	 MOA
o	Inhibits step 1 of THF/DHF acid synthesis by preventing PABA and pteridine reaction via Pteridine Synthase inhibition 
•	 Bacteria: ??
•	Bactericidal

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DAPTOMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific) 
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

• Lipopeptide Antibiotic
• Bind to bacterial membranes and cause rapid depolarization of membrane potential ultimately DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis failed leading to cell death
o NOT effective in lungs due to Surfactant
• Bacteria: Gram (+) bacteria
• Bactericidal

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FIDAXOMICIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

C. Diff Drug
• MOA
o inhibits RNA synthesis by inhibiting sigma dependent transcription
• Bacteria: pseudomembranous colitis (C. Diff)

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Nitroflurantoin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

•	 Broad-Spectrum 
•	MOA
o	Get reduced by flavoproteins then alter ribosomes and other macromolecules 
•	 Bacteria: ??
•	Bactericidal

***only reaches therapeutic concentrations IN URINE

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GENTAMICIN	
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

Aminoglycoside
• MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membrane
o Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreading
o High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation
• Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas
• Bactericidal

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Amikacin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

• Aminoglycoside
• MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membrane
o Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreading
o High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation
• Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas
• Bactericidal

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Neomycin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

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Streptomycin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

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Tobramycin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

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AZITHROMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

• Macrolides
• MOA
o Bind to 50S RSU (23S RNA part) and prevent AA transfer to new chain by blocking peptidyl Transferase
o Phagocytosed so may be carried by macrophages to infection site
• Bacteria: gram (-), gram (+)
• [low] = Bacteriostatic [high] = Bactericidal

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CLARITHROMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

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ERYTHROMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

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• Macrolides Least stable of macrolides, labile in stomach acid
• MOA
o Bind to 50S RSU (23S RNA part) and prevent AA transfer to new chain by blocking peptidyl Transferase
o Phagocytosed so may be carried by macrophages to infection site
• Bacteria: MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE, gram (-), gram (+)
• [low] = Bacteriostatic [high] = Bactericidal

Quinpupristin/dalfopristin 
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

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Streptogramins
• MOA:
o 50S binding of both (near where macrolides bind) close binding leads to SYNERGISTIC effect
• Bacteria: ??
• Bactericidal - if synergistic binding of both occurs

CLINDAMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

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Lincosamides
• MOA:
o 50S RSU binding at 23S RNA part (PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE) and cause premature dissociation of peptidyl -tRNA
• Bacteria: MRSA – when used in conjunction with vacomycin, gram (+), anaerobes
• Bacteriostatic

Useful in Toxin Producing Infections because it prevents toxin production and slows bacterial growth

LINEZOLID 
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

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• MOA
o bind 50S ribosome at UNIQUE SITE protein synthesis inhibitor
o NO CROSS RESISTANCE
• Bacteria: MRSA

DOXYCYCLINE
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

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• Tetracyclines
• MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction
• Bacteria: gram (+), gram (-), some anaerobes
• Bacterstatic

*Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

TIGECYCLINE
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

Study These Flashcards

• Tetracyclines
• MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction
• Bacteria: gram (+), gram (-), some anaerobes
• Bacterstatic

*Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

``` Minocycline • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

• Tetracyclines • MOA o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction • Bacteria: gram (+), gram (+), some anaerobes • Bacterstatic *Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

``` Tetracycline • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

Tetracyclines • MOA o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction • Bacteria: gram (+), gram (+), some anaerobes • Bacterstatic *Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

``` MUPIROCIN • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

• Mupirocin • MOA o Isoleucyl transfer-RNA syntetase inhibition – NO CROSS-RESISTANCE with other classes • Bacteria: gram (-) and gram (+) , Strep. Pyogenes and MRSA • Bactricidal

``` Chlroamphenicol • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

• Mupirocin • MOA o Isoleucyl transfer-RNA syntetase inhibition – NO CROSS-RESISTANCE with other classes MAY INTERFERE WITH CLINDAMYCIN AND MACROLIDES • Bacteria: gram (-) and gram (+) , Strep. Pyogenes and MRSA • Bactricidal

``` FOSFOMYCIN • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

• Unknown group • MOA o Transported in via Glycerol3P or G6P transport system s o Uses epoxide group to irreversibly inactivate enolpyruvyl transferase by taking place of phosphoenolpyruvate THIS HAPPENS EARLY IN CELL WALL SYNTH. • Bacteria: ?? • Bactericidal

``` AMPICILLIN • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

``` • AMINOPENICILLIN • MOA: o PBP binding inducing cell wall lysis o NH2 group allows it to cross lipid membrane of gram (-) bacteria • Bacteria: gram (+) and gram (-) ```

``` AZTREONAM • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

MONOBACTAM • MOA o PBP inhibitor – for one INSIDE the cell wall o SULFONIC acid insteat of thiazole attached to ß-lactam ring • Bacteria: gram (+) • Bactricidal

``` PENICILLIN G • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

``` • Penicillin • MOA o Binds to PBP causing cell wall lysis • Bacteria: gram (+), STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS • Bactericidal ```

``` PIPERACILLIN • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

``` • AMINOPENICILLIN – BROAD SPECTRUM • MOA: o PBP binding inducing cell wall lysis o NH2 group allows it to cross lipid membrane of gram (-) bacteria • Bacteria: gram (+) and gram (-) • Bactericidal ```

``` IMIPENEM • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

Carbapenems • MOA: o Inhibit PBP o Replacing sulfur with carbon in the thialzole ring makes it better at penetrating, gives it resistance to bacterial enzymes, and affinity for all PBPs • Bacteria: gram(-) and gram (+) (PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA) • Bactericidal

``` IMIPENEM/CILASTIN • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

• Carbapenems • MOA: o Inhibit PBP o 6 membered ring makes it better at penetrating, gives it resistance to bacterial enzymes, and affinity for all PBPs • Bacteria: gram(-) and gram (+) (PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA) • Bactericidal **CILASTIN inhibits DHP-2 in kidney proximal tubules INCREASING urinary concentration of Imipenem

``` AMOXICILLIN • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

``` AMINOPENICILLIN • MOA: o PBP binding inducing cell wall lysis o NH2 group allows it to cross lipid membrane of gram (-) bacteria • Bacteria: gram (+) and gram (-) ```

CALVULANIC ACID | Given with Piperacillin to inhibit ß-lactamases

TAZOBACTAM | Given with Piperacillin to inhibit ß-lactamases

``` Nafcillin • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

• Penicillin – NARROW spectrum • MOA: o PBP binding leading to cell wall degradation o Bulky side chain inhibits ß-lactamases • Bacteria: gram (+) • Bactericidal

``` OXACILLIN • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal • Broad or Narrow Spectrum ```

• Penicillin – NARROW spectrum • MOA: o PBP binding leading to cell wall degradation o Bulky side chain inhibits ß-lactamases • Bacteria: gram (+), non-MRSA STAPH. • Bactericidal

``` PENICILLIN V • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

``` Penicillin • MOA o Binds to PBP causing cell wall lysis • Bacteria: gram (+) • Bactericidal ```

``` VANCOMYCIN • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal ```

Vancomycin • MOA o Prevents binding of traspeptidases to D-ala D-ala • Bacteria: gram (+) (e.g. C. Diff), MRSA, (STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE – only if resitance to penicillin) • Bactericidal

``` Cefazolin • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal • WHEN is it used? ```

• Cephalosporin I • MOA: o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation • Bacteria: Steptococcus or Staphylococcus • Bactricidal • SURGICAL PROPHYLAXIS

``` CEPHALEXIN • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal • WHEN is it used? ```

• Cephalosporin I • MOA: o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation • Bacteria: Steptococcus or Staphylococcus • Bactricidal • OUT PATIENT USE

``` Cefepime • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal • Treats WHAT? ```

Cephalosporin IV • MOA o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation • Bacteria: gram (-) anaerobes • Treats – Pseudomonal Infections (PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA)

``` CEFTRIAXONE • Group (common root) • MOA (general and specific) • Bacteria Treated • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal • Treats WHAT? ```

• Cephalosporin III • MOA o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation • Bacteria: gram (-) anaerobes , STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE • Treats – pediatric meningitis

Antibiotics List for Exam 1 CMOD Flashcards

(45 cards)