Anticancer Therapy Radiation and Drugs

Question 1

benign epithelial tumor

Answer 1

Adenoma

Question 2

arise from cartilage

Answer 2

chondromas

Question 3

They reproduce without regard to the normal restraints on cell growth and cell division

They invade and colonize areas normally reserved for other cells.

Answer 3

Properties of cancer cells

Question 4

Caused by a chromosomal translocation called the Philadelphia chromosome.

Answer 4

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

Question 5

cancer involving the bone marrow, which produces too many cells of the myeloid lineage.

Answer 5

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Question 6

used in the treatment of AML type M3, works by inducing the differentiation of the immature leukemic promyelocytes, which once they differentiate will then undergo apoptosis.

Answer 6

All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)

Question 7

_______ binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule formation, resulting in disruption of mitotic spindle assembly and arrest of tumor cells in the M phase of the cell cycle

Answer 7

Vinblastine

Question 8

Uses a machine to send high energy beams from outside the body to the tumor area

Answer 8

external beam therapy

Question 9

Patients can develop blood clotting and bleeding problems.

Answer 9

Acute Myeloid Leukemia M3

Question 10

Includes children aged 1 to younger than 10 years who have a WBC count of less than 50,000/µL at diagnosis.

Answer 10

Standard Low Risk for ALL

Question 11

cells that break out of their primary site and form secondary tumors at other sites

Answer 11

metastases

Question 12

An inorganic platinum agent (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) with antineoplastic activity. ______ forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links.

Answer 12

Cisplatin

Question 13

This is the third phase of treatment. The goal is to kill any remaining leukemia cells that may regrow and cause a relapse.

Answer 13

Maintenance Therapy

Question 14

Radioisotope given internally, radiation generally only travels a short distance depending upon the isotope and its energy

Answer 14

Internal Radiation Therapy

Question 15

arise from connective tissue or muscle cells

Answer 15

sarcomas

Question 16

______ binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. Causes apoptosis in sensitive tumor cell populations.

Answer 16

Prednisolone

Question 17

acquires the ability to invade surrounding tissue at which point it is has become malignant

Answer 17

cancerous tumors

Question 18

Radioisotope given internally, radiation generally only travels a short distance depending upon the isotope and its energy

Answer 18

internal radiation therapy

Question 19

Radiation induces DNA damage, which leads to ___.

Answer 19

apoptosis

Question 20

Better ability to precisely localize the radiation dosage and less damage to surrounding, healthy tissue.

Answer 20

Charged Particle or Photon Therapy

Question 21

_______ forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links

Answer 21

Cisplatin

Question 22

key transcription factor that regulates p21 gene expression

Answer 22

p53

Question 23

The goal of drugs and radiation is to cause so much _____ to the tumor cells that it prevents further division and proliferation. This can often yield side effects on the healthy tissues.

Answer 23

damage

Question 24

derive from lymphatic tissue

Answer 24

lympomas

Question 25

Fever; foul smelling urine; easy bruising or bleeding; petechiae (flat, pinpoint, dark-red spots under the skin caused by bleeding); bone or joint pain; painless lumps in the neck, underarm, stomach or groin; pain or feeling of fullness below the ribs; weakness, feeling tired, or looking pale; loss of appetite.

Answer 25

Signs and Symptoms of ALL

Question 26

A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, ________ enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production.

Answer 26

prednisolone

Question 27

a tumor that grows in size and cell number without invading other tissues

Answer 27

Benign

Question 28

cancerous cells that colonize a secondary tissue site distinct from the primary tumor (site)

Answer 28

Metastasis:

Question 29

Leukemia that has a spectrum of chromosomal changes.

Answer 29

AML Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Question 30

Uses a machine to send high energy beams from outside the body to the tumor area

Answer 30

External Beam Therapy

Question 31

chemotherapy drug that intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis

Answer 31

Doxorubicin (adriamycin)

Question 32

_______ is a treatment designed to induce, enhance or suppress the immune response. Designed to stimulate a person’s own immune response to destroy cancer cells that have escaped normal immune surveillance

Answer 32

Immunotherapy

Question 33

benign tumor from cartilage

Answer 33

Chondroma

Question 34

Includes children younger than 1 year or 10 years and older and children who have a white blood cell count of 50,000/µL or more at diagnosis.

Answer 34

High Risk

Question 35

chemotherapy drug forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals which cause single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA;

Answer 35

Bleomycin sulfate

Question 36

derive from the glial cells of the CNS

Answer 36

Gliomas

Question 37

Bone marrow produces too many immature lymphocytes (at the expense of other blood cell types).

Answer 37

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Question 38

neoplastic cells do not become invasive

Answer 38

benign

Question 39

refers to a tumor or abnormal cells that grow and proliferates

Answer 39

Neoplastic

Question 40

This is the first phase of treatment. The goal is to kill the leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow. This puts the leukemia into remission

Answer 40

Induction Therapy

Question 41

Overproduction of myeloid cells in the bone marrow, results from a chromosomal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 that generates a fusion protein of the BCR and ABL genes that has a tyrosine kinase activity. Today it is treated with the drug Gleevec and has a >95% survival rate.

Answer 41

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML

Question 42

The sulfate salt of a natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Vinca rosea Linn with antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. ______ binds irreversibly to microtubules and spindle proteins in S phase of the cell cycle and interferes with the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby arresting tumor cells in metaphase

Answer 42

Vincristine

Question 43

______ binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses

Answer 43

Methotrexate

Question 44

Cdk inhibitor protein (like p27)

Answer 44

p21

Question 45

This is the second phase of therapy. It begins once the leukemia is in remission. The goal of consolidation/intensification therapy is to kill any remaining leukemia cells that may not be active but could begin to regrow and cause a relapse.

Answer 45

Consolidation/ Intensification Therapy

Question 46

______ forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals which cause single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA

Answer 46

Bleomycin

Question 47

What is the main treatmetn method used for AML (Acute Myeloid

Answer 47

ATRA (Anthracycline)

Question 48

cancer deriving from the glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 48

Glioma

Question 49

cancers arising from epithelial cells

Answer 49

Carcinoma

Question 50

``` Radiation exposure UV light from the sun Chemicals (carcinogens) Life-style (smoking, certain diets) Viruses (EBV, HIV, HPV) ```

Answer 50

potential risk factors for cancer

Question 51

_____ is a key mechanism in the cellular response to DNA damage.

Answer 51

P53

Question 52

works either by direct ionization of atoms in the DNA chain or indirectly by ionization of water to form hydroxyl radicals that can then damage DNA.

Answer 52

Photon Therapy (Xray or Gamma Rays)

Question 53

cancer deriving from the white blood cells and their precursors (hematopoietic cells)

Answer 53

Leukemia

Question 54

derive from white blood cells and their precursors (hematopoietic cells)

Answer 54

Leukemias

Question 55

a tumor that is considered cancerous because it has the ability to invade surrounding tissue

Answer 55

Malignant:

Question 56

cancers arising from connective tissues or muscle cells

Answer 56

Sarcoma

Question 57

_________ intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis.

Answer 57

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin)

Question 58

cancer deriving from lymphatic tissue

Answer 58

Lymphomas

Question 59

The overall incidence of cancer increases with ____.

Answer 59

age

Question 60

Down syndrome, Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Neurofibramatosis, Schwachman Syndrome

Answer 60

RISK FACTORS OF ALL

Question 61

are classified according to the tissue or cell type from which they originated

Answer 61

Malignant Tissues and Benign tissues

Question 62

are cancers arising from epithelial cells

Answer 62

Carcinomas

Question 63

also forms oxygen free radicals resulting in cytotoxicity secondary to lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids;

Answer 63

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin)

Question 64

_______ binds irreversibly to microtubules and spindle proteins in S phase of the cell cycle and interferes with the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby arresting tumor cells in metaphase

Answer 64

Vincristine

Question 65

cancer involving the bone marrow, which produces too many immature lymphocytes.

Answer 65

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

Question 66

benign epithelial tumors with glandular organization

Answer 66

Adenomas

Question 67

_____ characterized by increased production/growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow that then circulate in the blood

Answer 67

Leukemia

Question 68

are abnormal cells that grow (increases in mass) and proliferate (divides).

Answer 68

Tumors or Neoplasms

Question 69

uses a particle accelerator to beam high-energy particles (protons or carbon, boron or neon nuclei).

Answer 69

Charged Particle or Photon Therapy